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Works
of Martin Zwick
Professor
Emeritus, Complex Systems Program
Portland
State University, Portland OR 97207
zwick@pdx.edu
I am a professor emeritus of systems science
at Portland State University. My early work in the Department of Biophysics
at the University of Chicago was in crystallography and macromolecular
structure. My interests shifted to systems science, also known as the
sciences of complexity, and after taking a position
in the Systems Science Program at PSU in 1976 my research has primarily been
in the areas of discrete multivariate (information-theoretic) modeling,
systems theory and philosophy, and theoretical biology.
Scientifically, my focus has been on
applying systems ideas and methods to the natural and social sciences, e.g.,
to biomedicine and the evolution of cooperation. Philosophically, my focus
has been on how systems ideas relate to classical and contemporary
philosophy, how they offer a bridge between science and religion, and how
they can help us understand societal problems.
In the summer of 2023, my synthesis
of the systems field, Elements and
Relations: Aspects of a Scientific Metaphysics, was
published by Springer. Information about this book, access to some of its
contents (including its Index), and links to seminar videos and course
material about it are available here.
My
publications, presentations, and other works (except items
marked with #) are archived at PSU’s PDXScholar and are grouped below into five categories. All of these
categories are encompassed in Elements and Relations, although this
book is primarily about Systems Theory and Philosophy. Some items fall in
more than one category, and a few items from other authors are added at the
end of the DMM list.
To go to the top of the list of works in a category, click on the category name below.
Discrete Multivariate Modeling (Reconstructability
Analysis)
Systems Theory and Philosophy
Theoretical Biology
Macromolecular Structure
Jewish
Thought
Other
Discrete Multivariate Modeling
Systematics and Systems Theory:
Reconstructability Analysis of the Tetrad (video) (slides) (2025)
Information-Theoretic Modeling of Categorical
Spatiotemporal GIS Data (2024)
Machine Learning
Predictions of Electricity Capacity (2023)
Data From:
Machine Learning Predictions of Electricity Capacity (2022)
Reconstructability
Analysis: Discrete Multivariate Modeling (slides) (2022)
Graphical Models
in Reconstructability Analysis and Bayesian Networks (2021)
Occam Manual:
Software for Reconstructability Analysis (2021)
Reconstructability Analysis of the Predictors
of Physical Functioning Status in Older Americans by Race and Ethnicity
(2021)
Sensitivity
Analysis of an Agent-Based Simulation Model Using Reconstructability Analysis
(2020)
Hypergraph
Analysis of Structure Models (slides) (2020)
Joint Lattice of
Reconstructability Analysis and Bayesian Network General Graphs (2020)
Reconstructability
Analysis and Its Occam Implementation (2020)
OCCAM: Open Source Reconstructability Analysis
Software [User’s manual] (2021)
Enhancing
Value-Based Healthcare with Reconstructability Analysis: Predicting Cost of
Care (slides) (2018)
Keyword-Based Patent
Citation Prediction Via Information Theory (2018)
Reconstructability
and Dynamics of Elementary Cellular Automata (slides) (2018)
Beyond Spatial
Autocorrelation: A Novel Approach Using Reconstructability Analysis (slides)
(2018)
Introduction to
Reconstructability Analysis (slides) (2018)
Preliminary
Results of Bayesian Networks and Reconstructability Analysis Applied to the
Electric Grid (slides) (2018)
Statistical
Analysis of Network Change (slides) (2018)
Exploratory
Reconstructability Analysis of Accident TBI Data (2018)
Ideas and
Graphs: the Tetrad of Activity (2018)
Ideas and Graphs (NPC) (2017)
Mining Data on
Traumatic Brain Injury with Reconstructability Analysis (2017)
Predicting Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Knee
Replacement Surgery with Reconstructability Analysis (2017)
#Lattice of Four
Variable General and Specific Structures (image) (2017)
#Lattice of Four
Variable General Structures Colored by Ordinality (image) (2016)
Secondary
Analysis of Concussion Data (slides) (2016)
Exploratory
Modeling of TBI Data (slides) (2016)
Exploratory Data Modeling of Traumatic Brain
Injury slides (2015)
Exploring the
Application of Reconstructability Analysis to Behavior Expression Data from a
Social Network (2013)
Reconstructability
Analysis of Genetic Loci Associated with Alzheimer Disease (2012)
Reconstructability
of Epistatic Functions (2012)
Reconstructability
Analysis of Epistasis (2010)
Reconstructability
Analysis of Elementary Cellular Automata (slides) (2010)
Reconstructability
Analysis as a Tool For Identifying Gene-Gene Interactions in Studies of Human
Diseases (SAGMB paper) (2010).
Reconstructability Analysis in Biomedical
Research (slides) (2009)
#Reconstructability
Analysis Detects Genetic Variation Associated with Gene Expression (abstract)
(2008)
Using
Reconstructability Analysis for Input Variable Reduction: A Business Example
(2007)
Binary Decision
Diagrams and Crisp Possibilistic Reconstructability Analysis (2006)
A Short Tutorial on Reconstructability Analysis
(slides) (2006)
Combining Linear Regression with
Reconstructability Analysis: A Study of Differences in Health Status (2006)
Application of Information-Theoretic Data
Mining Techniques in a National Ambulatory Practice Outcomes Research Network
(2005)
Reconstructability Analysis as a Tool for
Identifying Gene-Gene Interactions in Studies of Human Diseases (IEEE
version) (2005)
Ordering Genetic
Algorithm Genomes With Reconstructability Analysis: Discrete Models (2005)
Reconstructability Analysis and Log-Linear
Modeling (slides) (2005)
Reconstructability Analysis: Theory and
Applications [Editorial Introduction] (2004)
Enhancements to
Crisp Possibilistic Reconstructability Analysis (2004)
A Comparison of
Modified Reconstructability Analysis and Ashenhurst‐Curtis Decomposition
of Boolean Functions (2004)
A Software
Architecture for Reconstructability Analysis (2004)
An Overview of
Reconstructability Analysis (2004)
Directed Extended Dependency Analysis for Data
Mining (2004)
Modified
Reconstructability Analysis for Many-Valued Functions and Relations (2004)
Reconstructability
Analysis Detection of Optimal Gene Order in Genetic Algorithms (2004)
Reconstructability
Analysis with Fourier Transforms (2004)
Reversible
Modified Reconstructability Analysis of Boolean Circuits and Its Quantum
Computation (2004).
State-Based
Reconstructability Analysis (2004)
Using
Reconstructability Analysis to Select Input Variables for Artificial Neural
Networks (2003)
Ordering Genetic
Algorithm Genomes with Reconstructability Analysis (2003)
Multi-level
Decomposition of Probabilistic Relations (2002)
An Information
Theoretic Methodology for Prestructuring Neural Networks (2001)
Wholes and Parts
in General Systems Methodology (2001)
State-Based
Reconstructability Modeling for Decision Analysis (2000)
Prestructuring
Neural Networks via Extended Dependency Analysis with Application to Pattern
Classification (1999)
Complexity
Reduction in State-based Modeling (slides) (1998)
Complexity and
Decomposability of Relations (slides) (1997)
Resolution of
Local Inconsistency in Identification (slides) (1997)
#Structure and
Dynamics of Cellular Automata (abstract) (1997)
Control
Uniqueness in Reconstructability Analysis (1996)
Set-Theoretic
Reconstructability of Elementary Cellular Automata (1995)
Information
Theoretic Mask Analysis of Rainfall Time Series Data (1995)
On Matching ANN
Structure to Problem Domain Structure (1993)
An Information
Theoretic Framework for Exploratory Multivariate Market Segmentation Research (1991)
Segment
Congruence Analysis Via Information Theory (1986)
#Image
Reconstruction from Projections (1973)
Supplementary material
Courses on Reconstructability Analysis
Related works by students or former students now colleagues
Graphical Models
in Reconstructability Analysis and Bayesian Networks (slides, video) (2021)
Using
Information Theory to Extract Patterns from Categorical Raster Data (2021)
Using GIS Raster Data Analysis with
Reconstructability Analysis Tools (2020)
Application of Reconstructability Analysis to
the NW Power Grid (2020)
Statistical Analysis of Social Network Change (slides, video) (2020)
#Binning utility
program (Excel) for Occam software (2016)
#Zipped file for
R script to display hypergraph RA models (2016)
#RA model
visualization with Gephi (2016)
#Extended Dependency
Analysis software and documentation (2003)
#Unix masking
program to prepare data for Occam time series (1998)
Software related to Occam from a colleague RA researcher
#Fortran
information theory programs by Klaus Krippendorff (Construc, Spectral) (2014)
Systems
Theory and Philosophy
Rosenzweig’s Elements and Universal History (2026)
Systematics and Systems Theory:
Reconstructability Analysis of the Tetrad (video) (slides) (2025)
The Center Cannot Hold: Structures of Political
Choice (NPC) (2025)
“Tikkun” Viewed from the Perspective of Systems
Philosophy (2025)
The Universal and the Unique (2024)
The Basic Dualism in the World: Object-Oriented
Ontology and Systems Theory (Open Philosophy) (2024)
Why is This Book (Elements and Relations)
Different From All Other Books (2024)
The Basic Dualism in the World (NPC) (2023)
A Systems Theoretic
View of Speculative Realism (PT) (2024)
Speculative
Realism and Systems Metaphysics (video) (2022)
Speculative
Realism and Systems Metaphysics (NPC) (slides) (2022)
CSBII Seminar on
Elements and Relations: Aspects of a Scientific Metaphysics (slides, video)
(2023)
ISSS Seminar: An Overview of
Elements and Relations: Aspects of a Scientific Metaphysics (slides, video)
(2023)
Words and
Diagrams About Rosenstock-Huessy’s Cross of Reality (2023)
Rosenstock's
"Cross of Reality" a Space-Time Framework for Isomorphisms (slides,
video) (2022)
Rosenstock-Huessy’s
“Cross of Reality” and Systems Theory (NPC) (2021)
Polymorphism and
Polysemy in Images of the Sefirot (2021)
Words and
Diagrams about Rosenzweig's Star (2020)
Diachronics of
Redemption: A Systems Theoretic View of Rosenzweig’s Star (2019)
Rosenzweig’s
Star and Systems Theory (2018)
Ideas and
Graphs: the Tetrad of Activity (2018)
Ideas and Graphs (2017)
Freedom as a
Natural Phenomenon (FS) (2015)
Freedom as a
Natural Phenomenon (NPC) (2012)
Mind and Life:
Is the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature False? (BT) (2015)
Is
the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature False? (NPC) (2013)
The
Mechanisms of Information Integration in Experimental Prediction Markets
(2015)
Systems
Theory and the Metaphysics of Composition (2014)
Levels
of Altruism (BT) (2014)
Levels
of Altruism (SySc seminar) (2012)
Levels
of Altruism (NPC) (2011)
Complexity
Theory and Political Change: Talcott Parsons Occupies Wall Street (2012)
Complexity
Theory and Political Change: Talcott Parsons Occupies Wall Street (slides)
(2012)
Complexity
Theory and Political Change: Talcott Parsons Occupies Wall Street (SySc
seminar) (2012)
Holism
and Human History (2009)
Holism
and Human History (slides, audio) (2010)
Personal
Knowledge and the Inner Sciences (book chapter) (2010)
Personal
Knowledge and the Inner Sciences (talk) (1985)
Symbolic
Structures as Systems: On the Near Isomorphism of Two Religious Symbols
(2010)
The Diagram of the Supreme Pole and the
Kabbalistic Tree: On the Similarity of Two Symbolic Structures (2009)
Systems
Metaphysics: A Bridge from Science to Religion (2007)
Systems
Metaphysics: A Bridge from Science to Religion (slides) (2008)
A
Conversation on Theodicy (2008)
Systems
Ideas and Sustainability (2007)
Spinoza
and Gödel: Causa Sui and Undecidable Truth (2007)
A
Review of Systems: New Paradigms for the Human Sciences (2002)
Understanding
Imperfection (2000)
An
Informal Review of The Crisis of Global Capitalism: A Letter to George Soros
(1999)
Complexity
and the Decomposability of Relations (slides) (1997)
Complexity Theory and Systems Theory (1997)
Towards
an Ontology of Problems (1995)
#An
Information Theory Approach to Measuring Industrial Diversification (1989)
#Entropy and
Other Measures of Industrial Diversification (1987)
#The Effect of
Industrial Diversification on Employment and Income: A Case Study (1987)
Diversity, Growth, and Cyclical Instability: An
Information Theoretic Approach (1985)
Incompleteness,
Negation, Hazard: On the Precariousness of Systems (1984)
Information,
Constraint, and Meaning (1984)
Entropy
Measures in Input-Output Analysis (1982)
Dialectical
Thermodynamics (1981)
Closed Systems Also Show Equifinality (1980)
The Cusp Catastrophe and the Laws of Dialectics
(1979)
Dialectics
and Catastrophe (1978)
Dialectical Laws and Elementary Catastrophes
(1978)
Fuzziness
and Catastrophe (1978)
Requisite
Variety and the Second Law (1978)
Quantum Measurement and Gödel's Proof (1978)
Some
Analogies of Hierarchical Order in Biology and Linguistics (1978)
Hierarchical
Restructuring and Catastrophe Theory (1977)
Theoretical
Biology
Universal
Biological Motions for Educational Robot Theatre and Games (2021)
Reconstructability
and Dynamics of Elementary Cellular Automata (slides) (2018)
Formalizing
the Panarchy Adaptive Cycle with the Cusp Catastrophe (2017)
Formalizing
the Panarchy Adaptive Cycle with the Cusp Catastrophe (slides) (2017)
Dynamics
of Prebiotic RNA Reproduction Illuminated by Chemical Game Theory (2016)
#Game
Theory Applies to Chemistry (image) (2016)
Mind
and Life: Is the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature False?
(Biological Theory) (2015)
Is
the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature False? (NPC) (2013)
Levels
of Altruism (Biological Theory) (2014)
Levels
of Altruism (SySc seminar) (2012)
Levels
of Altruism (NPC) (2011)
Reconstructability
Analysis of Elementary Cellular Automata (slides) (2010)
The
Evolution of Altruism: Game Theory in Multilevel Selection and Inclusive
Fitness (postprint, slides) (2007)
What's
Wrong with Inclusive Fitness? (2006)
Unifying
the Theories of Inclusive Fitness and Reciprocal Altruism (2006)
Unifying
Reciprocal Altruism and Inclusive Fitness Theories of Altruism (slides)
(2006)
Hamilton's
Rule in Reciprocal Altruism and Symbiosis (slides) (2005)
Hamilton's
Rule Applied to Reciprocal Altruism (2004)
Ordering
Genetic Algorithm Genomes With Reconstructability Analysis: Discrete Models
(2005)
Strong
Altruism Can Evolve in Randomly Formed Groups (2004)
Reconstructability
Analysis Detection of Optimal Gene Order in Genetic Algorithms (2004)
Altruism,
the Prisoner's Dilemma, and the Components of Selection (2001)
Simpson's
Paradox Can Emerge from the N-Player Prisoner's Dilemma: Implications for the
Evolution of Altruistic Behavior (2000)
N-Player
Prisoner's Dilemma in Multiple Groups : A Model of Multilevel Selection
(2000)
Effect
of Environmental Structure on Evolutionary Adaptation (1998)
#Structure
and Dynamics of Cellular Automata (abstract) (1997)
Dependence
of Adaptability on Environmental Structure in a Simple Evolutionary Model
(1996)
Global
Optimization Studies on the 1-D Phase Problem (1996)
Set-Theoretic
Reconstructability of Elementary Cellular Automata (1995)
Variance
and Uncertainty Measures of Population Diversity Dynamics (1995)
Diversity
Dynamics in Static Resource Models (1995)
#Dynamics
of Diversity in an Evolving Population (1992)
Application
of the Genetic Algorithm to a Simplified Form of the Phase Problem (1982)
Macromolecular
Structure
Global
Optimization Studies on the 1-D Phase Problem (1996)
Improving
Crystallographic Macromolecular Images: The Real-Space Approach (1987)
Application
of the Genetic Algorithm to a Simplified Form of the Phase Problem (1982)
#Improving
and Extending the Phases of Medium- and Low-Resolution Macromolecular (1981)
#Phase
Improvement by Density Modification in Three Large Structures abstract (1981)
Electron
Microscopy of Fibers and Discs of Hemoglobin S Having Sixfold Symmetry (1977)
#Enhancing
the Power of Density Modification (1976)
#The
Use of Symmetry with the Fast Fourier Algorithm (1974)
#Image
Reconstruction from Projections (1973)
#Method
for the Extension and Refinement of Crystallographic Protein Phases Utilizing
the Fast Fourier Transform (1971)
New
Computer Methods for Protein Crystallography (1968)
Computer
Graphics in Macromolecular Chemistry (1968)
Jewish
Thought (see also my Ohr Chadash site,
which includes abstracts)
Rosenzweig’s Elements and Universal History (2026)
Spiritual Exercises in Novarodok Mussar and the
Early Work (2025)
“Tikkun” Viewed from the Perspective of Systems
Philosophy (2025)
Mussar
and Esotericism in Revolutionary Russia (2024)
Polymorphism
and Polysemy in Images of the Sefirot (2021)
Words
and Diagrams about Rosenzweig's Star (2020)
Jewish
Mussar and Confucian Self-Cultivation (2019)
Diachronics
of Redemption: A Systems Theoretic View of Rosenzweig’s Star (2019)
Rosenzweig’s
Star and Systems Theory (2018)
Mussar
(a short historical perspective) and Spinoza (2016)
Mussar
and the Renewal of Judaism (2011)
Symbolic
Structures as Systems: On the Near Isomorphism of Two Symbolic Structures
(2010)
The
Diagram of the Supreme Pole and the Kabbalistic Tree: On the Similarity of
Two Symbolic Structures (2009)
A
Conversation on Theodicy (2008)
Thoughts
on Some Shabbat Prayers (2002)
Other
Caravan of Stilts (2018)
©
Copyright 2026 Martin Zwick
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