state the TotC from multiple perspectives
as economic problem
from a perspective of scale
discover a value that is lost in when you use individual based methods, which is community values
represents more than the sum of individual utilities
emergent, i.e. doesn't exist at the level of the individual
solutions
privatization
- necessary - no, there are other solutions
- sufficient - whaling as an example of other forces at work
goal is social learning
ecological problems can't be solved with market competition
reducing all values to one dimension
focus on cooperation
central problem is still that we need the language to address these problems
Norton suggests a method:
- pluralism - seeking many different views
- contextual - assigning weights
- discussion of the assignment of weights
- discussion of the indices used - anyone can propose another one
- procedural norms - participants have to commit to cooperate
- action and reflection
- attention to communal goals
can we rely on democracy?
first, realize that some strong hierarchy/policy choices are anti-democratic
entering to a discussion to solve a problem using normal, community language
commitment to deliberate rather than use force
process is independent of beliefs and values of participants
accept preconditions of rational speech
the process has to develop trust
Fukuyama - Trust
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
network - purpose of networks
different types of networks in different phases of community development
according to EPA - values should be negotiated politically and by policy makers
Norton proposes an experimental approach
community, inhabited by diverse groups, engage in improving their environment
evaluation (not assiging a value) can have multiple dimensions
triple bottom line
set up indices and debate on those is very concrete
how we are going to know that we made progress
preferences (beginning - felt, after deliberation - considered)
opens up consideration of social learning
role for social sciences
study the instituions that help create cooperation (Elinor Ostrom)
understand how to create processes (social) that support enviornmental improvement
- goverance
- policy creation
- review of these processes by scientists and community
can be formulated as experimental questions in social sciences
- deliberative democracy experiments (The Economist May 8th, 2010, page 62)
- select individuals out of a larger group
- have them study the problem, they change their ming
- experiments in developing countries with community voting vs. elites
- work of Benjamin Olken
- villages operating differently, so could compare
- same decision, but people were more satisfied
- Technology Review, May/June 2010 pg m8
