pg 49 - "What unifies inquiry, according to pragmastits, is a community's shared focus on a real-world problem."pg ix - debate between John Muir and Gifford Pinchot
Pinchot quote "There are two kinds of things in the world, people and natural resources"
ideological = "preexperiential commitments of particpants in the debate"
<!-- nonexperienced -->
pg x - ideology leads to the all-or-nothing, right or wrong dichotomies that are so divisive and not useful
problems are seen as zero-sum (win - loose)
attempting to "reformulate environmental problems as matters of more or less - of proper balances among competing social values - rather than as clashes of right and wrong"
"The way we Americans talk and write about the environment is a major cause for the failure of our governments at all levels to achieve rational actions to protect environmental goods" and corollary "success and failure in environmental problem-solving is often determined by the way a problem is forumlated and discussed in public discourse ..
pg xi - because of their vagueness and ambiguity
these are different - ambiguity means multiple possible meanings
"One simple cannot overemphasize the key role of problem formulation in seeking cooperation and success in environmental management."
<!-- see Winner 1986 The whale and the reactor, there are some discussions/debates that you just don't join -->
"This book explores how we talk about the environment and how failures of communication across incommensurate conceptual frameworks result in social traps and confusing discourse."
pg xii - environmental science is an activist discipline operating within the framework of scientific adaptive management
encourages extradisciplinary ideas and improves policy discourse
"Adaptive management is science-based management that assumes we usually do not know enough to choose what is absolutely best to do.."
<!-- see problem-typology.html, wicked problems -->
experimental managment - Aldo Leopold was the first adaptive manager
pg xiii - "proposed linguistic innovations will be tested not against preexperiential ideologies, but against real-world problems and case studies, including controlled experiments whenever possible."
most scientists "adhere sharply to the positvist precept that factual and normative discourse are best separated.
I argue
1) facts and values must be discussed together
2) norms and environmenal values need to be open for questioning and revision
"So I also follow the pragmatist idea of the unity of inquiry, which holds that there is only one way to improve both empirical understanding and normative judgement: experience."
pg 2 - eccentric traffic pattern resulted from separate buidgets
pg 3 - towers that sprouted around a core and weren't connecte - "towering"
pg 4 - EPA focused on human health but then added ecosystem health
pg 33 - Three aspects of towering
1) "Towering is often associated with an obsessive insistence on a sharp separation of science and values
2) "Towering increases miscommunication and creates blockage in the flow of important and relevant information, creating blind spots
3) "Because towers tend to block the flow of information discordant with with one's own beliefs, they prevent true learning from occuring over time"
pg 39 - medical science analogies might help <!-- he edited a book with Costanza on ecosystem health with 10 or more different descriptions of ecosystem health, Constanza, Norton and Haskell 1992-->
pg 43 - "The only languages known that are rich enough for this purpose are ordinary languages, languages that have evolved in real communities with real problems, real objectives, and real attempts to cooperate. The language of adaptive management, accordingly, must be ordinary language as it has evolved in specific, communities facing problems and cherishing goals."
pg 49 - "What unifies inquiry, according to pragmastits, is a community's shared focus on a real-world problem."
pg 51 - "I contend that existing language is inadequate to establish a meaningful, multidirectional dialogue among scientific ecologists, policy analysts, policymakers, and the public because existing language does not clearly display the important connections beteween changes in the environment and changes in values enjoyed by the public."
pg 56 - "Ideological environmentalism, described in the preface as environmental advocacy based on preexperiential principles and moral commitments, is ineffective because it leaves no room for flexibility and for learning from experience."
pg 56 - Section 2.3 "the method of experience"
Leopold was caught between Pinchot's anthropocentric, utilitarianism that was about how to produce for consumption and Muir's conservationism that was about how to restrict consumption
<!-- see Donahue 1999, Reclaiming the Commons, for a current take on this issue and consider using the commons in New England compared to preserving/conserving Forest Park as "nature" -->
pg 59 - Darwin used species as a useful concept in studying biology, not a fixed category
"beliefs were tested as people acted on them, and the test of a belief was its success in achieving actual goals of human actors in real contexts"
pragmatism = "contingent beliefs that are nevertheless used as a basis for action"
<!-- compare this to Bayesian philosophy and analytical tools -->
pragmatic attitude about the truth is more "contextual" and local rather than "relativistic"
pg 60 - radical empiricists - accept without question all knowledge that comes from experience
Pierce - "located the search for truth in a community process by locating the "conventions" and tools of language in a community of communicators, who use language in action" <!-- ie, to solve a problem -->
"the test of truth is in action, "The truth is that which emerges form this indefinite and open-ended process of communication and testing..."
pg 63 - Holmes - "clearly adopted a pluralist stance, recognizing that every legal decision involves many-sided negotiation between the particular facts of the case and complex ste of social goals."
pg 64 - communities are arbiters of human action, taking into account and guided by "evolved tools, social norms, and institutions"
pg 67 - "It is possible, then, for cultures to develop practices and institutions that protect the individual from the forces of starvataion and want; cultures can thus learn to "adapt" to their surroundings, avoiding the iron law of Malthus."
pg 70 -
"We are now living in the age of culture; humans today must learn very rapidly, because our impacts on nature are accelerating at the rapid pace of Lamarckian cultural evolution."
pg 71 - "It is not a simple physical calculation that tells us whether a given society is exceeding its carrying capacity. The key variable is not a physical one, but rather an institutional and behavioral one."
pg 72 - "so the key characteristic of a culture of the future will be the ability to learn, even as we manage by the seat of our pants."
pg 73 - "Leopold shifted the question out of economics and out of ecology, into the area of adaptive management."
pg 74 - in Hetch Hetchy Valley dispute, "a powerful third force emerged, the pragmatic attitude, which espoused more pluralistic bases for judgment and rejected ideology and dogma in favor of unrelenting application of the method of experience."
"It was this habit of mind - this suspicion of universal and preexperientical principles and a faith, ultimately, in experience alone as the arbiter of truth - that provided Leopold with an antidote for the polarization inherent in ideological environmentalism."
Norton is trying to articulate a "positive, experienced-based, misson-oriented approach to adaptive management science as social learning"
pg 75 - "although it is very interesting to pay attention to the languages of biology, physics, and economics, the relevant science- the science that can integrate our vocabularies - must be management science, not the special sciences, which are artificially and incompletely purged of evaluative judgments. Since environmental problems inevitably involve balancing competing social goals, only an activist science, such as adaptive management, can teach us to properly frame problems and to integrate science in our search for a balanced strategy of development and survival."
"the "logic" of the pragmatic methodic and to the deep philosophical arguments that sway its proponents to accept experience, understood actively, as the ultimate arbiter of human knowledge."
pg 76 - "The best way to understand pragmatism as a habit of mind - a habit of mind useful in guiding environmental thought - is to understand pragmatists' central argument, which is an argument for a new way of thinking about language in relation to the world."
pg 77 - Norton uses "environmental pragmatism quite specifically to refer to the habit of mind ..."
"The habit of mind, the theory of language, and the adaptive, experimental approach to environmental action to me three sides of the same coin."
pg 78 - "When Darwin showed that the categories biologists used to describe nature were, in fact, ideas that were projected into a constantly changing world, the idea of a rational, unchanging reality was inevitably undermined."
pg 79 - "if there are no "kinds" to correspond to the categories we use when we classify and describe nature, then the notion of essence and truth anchored in correspondence between sentences and sentence-sized chunks of reality becomes unanchored." <!-- compare species to the periodic table to illustrate the difference in biology to chemistry -->
pg 80 - words as symbols - "whether they are necessary conditions for the existence of meanings - in terms often used, whether language is the dress of 'thought' or is something with which 'thought' cannot be. Dewey, of course, clearly adopted the latter view ..."
"Our language in this sense creates the world as we know it."
pg 81 - "Our beliefs and our linguistic tools for communicating those beliefs, and for testing them against our experience and others' experience, just
"our language shapes whether we see a situation as one of complementary goals or of clashing interests."
"We cannot, Dewey thought, rely on general, pre experiential principles to formulate problems..."
"instead of fixed principles, situational intelligence, the ability to learn how to learn ... the pragmatic habit of mind
pg 82 - "linguistic characterization of problems are often crucial to finding a cooperative solution;
"if we are using outmoded or confusing concepts that encourage the formulation of disagreements ideologically,
Norton made the "controversial claim that language is our world; ... The world we experience is not the same world we would have experienced if we spoke a different language; but also true that languages are inseparable from the activities and practices of a people who use that language to communicate."
pg 83 - Norton "will propose an idealized, but illustrative, process of public debate in which proposed heuristics - themselves, of course, open to reconsideration and adjustment - guide participants in policy processes toward better questions and away from disagreements based on ideology." <!-- link to heuristics, framing questions, ecological rationality -->
pg 86 - "
pg 89 - "Leopold accepted only one principle: rely on experience and only experience"
pg 92 - "Adaptive management, as understood here, is an approach to understanding, justifying, and implementing policies that affect the environment.
adaptive management has three tenets
"
1.Experimentalism. Adaptive managers emphasize experimentalism, taking actions capable of reducing uncertainty in the future.
2. Multiscalar analysis. Adaptive managers understand, model, and monitor natural systems on multiple scales of space and time.
3. Place sensitivity. Adaptive managers adopt local places, understood as humanly occupied geographic palaces, as the perspective from which multiscalar management orients."
"
pg 93 - "The second characteristic of adaptive management amounts to a commitment to build the formal apparatus necessary to follow the systematic consequences of our acts as they play out on different scales of the system."
pg 95 - adaptive management is a search for scientific information and understanding and a search for better management solutions. "Adaptive management, like medicine, is a normative science."
pg 96 - general theory of sustainability is to have a cluster of criteria and goals and to understand how that changes with time and to acknowledge that "choices made by members of an earlier generation can change the mix of opportunities and constraints faced by subsequent generations, limiting the latter's choices in their attempt to adapt."
<!-- link to the two halves of natural selection: selection by fitness, and the maintenance and continued generation of diversity -->
pg 98/9 - "Thus we can tentative put adaptive management - complete with a schematic definition of sustainability - forward as a useful model for environmental science and management. ..." it is normative ... "Adaptive management is also based on broad, multidisciplinary view of the physical aspects of the problems we face: it suggests that each community, .... multiscalar
pg 100 - controversial point is whether we have enough information to make management decisions, but a limited amount of information can be used to begin a process of learning by doing
pg 105 adaptive management contains the key part of traditional science in that science puts emphasis on "expanding experience - especially when experience is fortified with an explicit logic that governs experimentation and careful observation - can eventually reduce uncertainty and result in cooperative action by communities."
pg 111 - cultural evolution is Lamarckian and can happen more rapidly than ecosystem evolution <!--see also atran and medin -->
use "safe-fail" experiments
pg 112 Adaptive management is in between Cartesian commitment to pure truth and reason and the "radical" or logical empiricism that is based only on experience
pg 114 - "Curiosity-driven science can be contrasted with "postdisciplinary" or "postnormal" science, science that is undertaken as part of a mission, science that is explicitly value-laden."
pg 118 "at least three important differences between the operations of logica docens, the logic of truth-seeking, and logica utens, the logic of problem-solving and adaptive living."
logica docens logica utens value neutral demands the expression of many value viewpoints abhors Type I errors - possitive assertions of truth that cannot be fully verified balances concern about asserting a non-truth vs. the possibility that inactions could be calamitous static ideal of truth dynamic, problem-solving concept of truth-seeking
pg 122 - Leopold - manage on the scale commensurate with the cycles of nature - "Think like a mountain"
pg 125 - Sewall Wright's metaphor of the "evolutionary landscape" or fitness landscape and how being able to look ahead and learn can change what slopes human would choose.
pg 127 - activities of this generation modify the fitness landscape of subsequent generations
pg 128 - Adaptive management is the search for solutions in this landscape
pg 130 - Norton's "working hypothesis is that deliberation about what to do to protect the environment suffers because the existing vocabularies for discussing and supporting environmentally goals and objectives are based on one-sided, impoverished languages.
pg 133 - benign vs wicked problem dichotomy of Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber
benign problems were transformed into technical and bureaucratic problems, others were resistant to usual methods of goal-setting etc.
List of ten characteristics of wicked problems
- no definitive formulation
- no stopping rule
- solutions are not true-or-false, but good-or-bad
- no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution
- every wicked problems is a "one-shot operation" because there is no learning from trial and error
- don't have a limited set of potential solutions
- each is essentially unique
- every wicked problem is a symptom of another problem
- the existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem resolution
- the planner has no right to be wrong
pg 133 - Norton's four themes running through this list - problem formulation (1, 9), noncomputability of solutions (4,6,9), unique in their complexity and are not repeatable (5, 7, 10), open ended temporally (2,4,8)
Problem formulation
- "value pluralism is present, and that is what makes wicked problems wicked."
- "disputants in wicked problems are pursuing different, sometimes conflicting interests"
non-computability means that their is no single optimum solution, models can employ multiple criteria but they can't tell how to weight those measures
- "the problem of how to with competing value criteria cannot be formalized. No amount of formalization, it follows, can eliminate the need for judgment when the target decision addresses a wicked problem.
nonrepeatable symptom stems from the uniqueness of the complex systems
- need to develop heuristics that guide our actions and avoid traps
- abandon the search for step-by-step algorithms for a solution
open-ended, intertemporal effects
- no "stopping rule"
- more evidence always coming in
- hierarchy theory <!-- and resilience cycle --> should help organize study in space-time relationships
- any solution is a good
- temporary stable point - not a final "correct" answer
pg 138 - "wicked problems can be expected to yield only to an iterative and multidirectional dialogue..."
pg 139 - reference to Batie and Shugart - spatiotemporal scaling as an important part - but their study was two stages, ecology followed by economic analysis <!-- get this for UKL scale paper -->
pg 140 - the claim of good science is that it is untainted by values or politics <!-- see the NRC report on UKL -->
pg 144 - key points
proposes a "process heuristic" that has a action phase and a reflective phase
there should be simple rules in the action phase <!-- like multi-agent modeling --> that aren't all implemented
pay attention to precautionary principle and conduct safe-fail experiments to reduce uncertainty
(will develop the interactive, value-driven science in Chap 11)
pg 232 - discusses tragedy of the commons
based on the ecological model of carrying capacity
private goods can be controlled, public goods are nonexcludable
Norton hypothesizes "communal values" <!-- add this to the choice:values viewer at the second level as it overlaps scale -->
and that if he is correct will challenge the idea of an individualistic "economic" man
pg 235 - are private property rights necessary or sufficient remedy for the threat to commons
<!-- this argument comes up all the time, with the economic answer being "fees" and the government answer being "property rights", Norton's treatment is different -->
not necessary because there are many examples of communities that regulate their commons
not sufficient because there are examples where, even with individual ownership, the commons fail
- high discount rate, can sell and reinvest
- equipment depreciation
pg 239 - multiscalar analysis in this book, nonindividual goods are crucial link
pg 242 - need a "context-sensitive decision model that is appropriate to open-ended democratic processes"
<!-- the claim can be made that institutions that deal with their environment with good policies, leads to answering many of the questions about personal and community rights that sets up good governance -->
"Adaptive managers accept uncertainty and surprise as an unavoidable element of goal-setting and management decisions , so sustainability goals cannot be stated in advance."
<!-- this is similar to my claim that sustainability would emerge from rules, not be specified -->
key elements of new approach
1. pluralism requires multicriteria analysis
2. evaluation must be in context
3. participants may commit to cooperatively because of procedural norms ?
4. shared goals to seek cooperation rather than chaos or resorting to force
thought experiment ***
a threat to adaptive management is the line of reasoning that we should rely on experts to solve technical problems
anti-democratic
pg 252 - "The commitment to democratic processes, I (Norton) conclude, should be a requirement of any exercise in adaptive ecosystem management." <!-- this is differ net than some people's preference for consensus -->
subfields drawn on are "game theory, decision analysis, ...
pg 257 - refers to Arrow's theorem "once preferences are factored into a "rational" decision procedure .... it is impossible to derive a democratically acceptable result"
"uncritical confidence in computational models leads to contempt for democratic and negotiated outcomes and reinforces the idea among analysts that they have "the right answer", against which negotiated ouctomes can be critically compared." <!-- this is how I think some administrators - feel about the faculty senate -->
pg 272 - "A decision model that aims not at an experience-independent sense of "best-solution", but rather at slow progress through social learning over time and many revisitings of a wicked problem, will best fit our needs as adaptive managers.
"Environmenta problems, then, are best seen as problems of cooperativer behavior,
pg 316 - "Grand Simplification" "since we do not know what people in the future will need - and since resources are substitutable for each other - the only thing we can do is to meaures and compare welfare across time." - i.e. increase capital of any forms
return to the tradeoff question - Solow's question about how can we decide for the future if we don't know what they will want
falls back to the Grand Simplification
pg 334 - performative acts - to declare something as doing it
will the community take responsibility for the long-term impact though a community performative act
how to measure sustainability is subsequent to what the community is willing to commit to
measurement has to follow moral commitment
pg 336 - shift to seeing sustainability as a set of states to seeing "refer to many specific sets of commitments on the part of specific societies, communites, and cultrues to perpetuate place-based values and project them into the future.
3 boundaries
choose a decision horizon in time and space
how to deal with uncertainty
how decide what losses would be acceptable
"It is not best formulated as a comparison of welfare across time - it is better formulated as a question of how to hold open options and opportunities for the future .... " <!-- see Chapter 12 and reference to Sen -->
"communal values generate obligations not to destroy the natureal and cultural history of a place where humans and nature have interacted to create an organic process that emerges over multiple generations."
even if people in the future are wealthier than we are
pg 338 - from chapter 7, there are some "noneconomic obligations to the future be considered communal goods"
pg 339 - major target of the book - "against the position I have called Economism - is the view that all environmental values can be treated as economic, or commodity" values" -- must include communal values
pg 340 - the culture will instill meaning - "To project those meanings into the future requires a commitment and also countless day-today acts that express and perpetuated those meanings. It is in this profound sense that sustainable living cannot be relegated to a matter of economic accounting; it is inevitably a process by which community values are articulated through the choice of what stuff to save."
deontological - derived from duty and obligation
3 problems with this approach
how are rights that are claimed for future generations legitimate
intergenerational trusts or rights don't tell us what to save right now
these are stated as principles and conflict with pragmatic method
two-phase system of action and reflection
pg 346 - the commitments should be based on the "safe-minimum standard" (SMS) - "Save the resource, provided the costs of doing so are bearable"
burden of proof on not saving the resource is on the one who wants to use it - has to show that the costs are unreasonable
pg 348 - commitment trumps cost-and benefit
economists help find least-cost alternatives to SMS - <!-- puts economists under society -->
SMS is very similar to the precautionary principle
pg 349 - Norton's response to Solow and the GS is the "the system of analysis should be simple, but not too simple to address the question at hand"
<!-- this is on the simpler border of Ashby's law of requisite complexity, that a control system has to have the same level of complexity as the system being regulated-->
pg 350 - "I am suggesting that defining stuff worth saving through a performative act will lead to develop a typology of effects and the beginnings of a sense of responsibilty for our impacts on all scales of the system, including changes to normally slow-changing systems that constitute the larger environment." <!-- introducing the shift to impacts -->
pg 351 - "risk decision squares" <!-- scale viewer to make a Stommel diagram of games against nature -->
only in the small corner of irreversible and large scale would the SMS be applied - other areas could be cost-benefit-analysis
pg 355 - a community would decide what to save -"if they engaged in deliberative and interative process that allowed experimentation wiht multiple indicators and multiple rules."
"Coalitions can form as a result, creating trust and encouraging further cooperation." <!-- discuss trust building and trust networks -->
taxonomy of four types of sustainability values,
1 - community procedural values
2 - weak sustainability (economic)
3 - risk avoidance
4 - community-identity or sense-of-place
place-based, constitutive
pg 428 starting with pluralism
pg 430 - "Adaptive management requires no more than that a community respect science and experience as the best arbiter of differing opinions.
<!-- not so easy to get respect for forms of post-normal science -->
pg 431 - the problem is how to count and the value of future options
pg 432 - "more precise in describing thise sense-of-place values, is hiearchy theory." temporal and spatial relationships
pg 434 - example of Chesapeake - maps show the clarity of the water, landscape dynamics
similar to pervious surfaces maps in urban areas
followed the water clarity in the bay
linked all the actions, across the watershed, to that physiological-ecological indicator that everyone could understand
pg 437 - "It is the commitment to act together to resolve outstanding scientific uncertainties that animates the early experiments and starts the process of action and deliberation."
<!-- but where does the money come from? -->
pg 438 - "In this public discourse, participants will invoke values when they think large numbers of others share those values, and they will use these as justifications to undertake studies to reduce scientific uncertainty about foreces critical to ecolocial processes associeated wiht the community's values."
Chapter 11: Disciplinary Stew
pg 440 - "the solution is for ethics to become more scientific, not more metaphysical"
pg 441 - "the science of adaptive management" uses common language, to address mission oriented or postnormal science"
"Disciplinary peer review, the touchstone of disciplinary science, is inadequate to multidiscplinary, action oriented deliberations."
pg 444 - wetlands banking, but many of the contracted wetlands weren't built or adequate
pg 446 - rejects segregationist and serial view of science and policy
pg 447 - the triad, all acts of cognition include an actor, signified object of experience, and "a community of speakers of the local language", "If any of these elements are missing, social meaning is missing."
pg 448 - "What animates the irreducibly triangular relation is that language is used to communicate and pursue goals in the real world. What unifies this triangular relationship - what binds it irreducibly - is the act of communication in serv ice of a shared social goal."
pg 449 - "Language, as it functions in the service of communication within real communities, is constrained by the common experiences of the other members. 
"Objectivity is, indeed, imposed from outside of us in the sense that we do not control our experience, and this independentce of our control is the basis for what I have cdalled limited realism." <!-- my bolding -->
pg 450 - "So much for metaphysics, we can proceed without these deep claims by simply restrictiong oru discussion to communities that have already committed themselves to cooperative action. <!-- this is in conflict with the claim by Primack & Abrams who say that a society needs to have a shared cosmology to be successful. -->
pg 460 - good example of what an environmental manager could say
pg 461 - "The question is whether environmental scientists can move beyond the limitations imposed by the putative fact-value divide and develop a unified, pragmatic method of ...
use models to clarify management issues
1. models that help improve communication
2. multiscalar participatory
3. address the fact-value issues
models make a contribution but cannot replace ordinary discourse
pg 468 - "modelers were unable to build the imaginative scenarios created by participants into precise, "constructed" models that would allow the precise evaluation of of proposed policies,. So they fell back upon using existing (supply) modles to improve teh narratives ..."
"Despite the limitations of demand models, I still believe it is important to foster the spirit of this activity."
<!-- challenge for academic management -->
pg 469 - "in-group models of what is happening an why." leads to communication clashes
section 11.4.3 "Backcasting" from Goals: The role of values demand modeling
a method for analyzing alternative futures - explicitly normative - work backward from a desired future endpoint
pg 472 - struggled against the myth that science can be truly objective
pg 473 - "I have called the new science the scien of what-if. This approach is frankly value-laden and is committed to achieving cooperative behavior by fostering learning relationships."
pg 477 - "research on conditions conducive to cooperative agreement and on what charateristics of processes make people more likely to achieve cooperative action"
pg 478 - "When we face disagreement that is blocking cooperative action, we should try to formulate the disagreement as a testable hypothesis in one of the specialized sciencs."
pg 480 " wicked problems and ar better characterized and understood as involving compention among multiple goods and legitimate interests than as oppositions between right and wrong, good and bad or optimal and suboptimal"
problem formulation is the most difficult step
choosing development paths the promote the right mix
disagreement will be about how aggressively to pursue particular improvements
pg 484 - environmental science is effected by politics - towering
"One could argue, to the contrary, that a more cooperative structure and process at EPA, one of the most contentioius and politicized of all federal agencies, would go a long way toward reducing partisanship and fractured politics in the country."
pg 486 - environmental policies can open new lines of communication
pg 487 - Netherlands - "both the science and policy discussions were undertaken with a twenty-five year horizon - one generation.
long enough to get major change, but short enough to imply urgency
pg 488 - one of the scenarios was to decrease polution, but would have required a 70 to 80 % decrease and be very expensive
lead to the 3rd scenario that was to change the focus to reducing polution at the source instead of end-of-pipe approach
classified environmental problems by their source, not the media <!-- not water or air, etc -->
small, incremental changes would be overwhelmed
classify problems by source
eutrophication was from the excess import of grains, export of meat and essentially leaving manure
Dutch renamed eutrophication "manure-ification"
pg 494 - "citizens of the United States - a frontier country with rich land and water reources - have never had to learn the cooperative skills that the polder model encouraged and that the Dutch model is irrelevant here." <!-- mind & nature -->
pg 495 - "ideology will continue to reign until we have a coherent, experience-based language for discussing environmental problems and goals."
NRC - "Understnading Risk"
pg 498 - "If environmentalists will explicitly address the problem of linguistic poverty by actively working to create a more comprehensive, pluralistic language of environmental values ..."
pg 499 - creating a constitution or trust for the future
pg 507 - "Pragmatists believe that dichotomies and dualisms usually stand in for disguised continua .."
pg 508 - convergence hypothesis is that statements of the anthropocentric and nonantrhropocentric are structured for the long term, they would converge
pg 514 - different types of freedoms, opportunity freedom is very similar to Amartya Sen's definition
pg 516 - "sustainability ... is a function of the degree to which members of a future community experience no diminution of opportunity freedom. .."
sustainability "is a relationship between the choice-sets of individuals and communities that exist in different gnerations."