On Science and Religion:

Papers Related to the Ideas of John G. Bennett

Martin Zwick

zwick@pdx.edu

https://web.pdx.edu/~zwick/

Below are links to my papers that relate directly or indirectly to the spiritual, philosophical, and scientific ideas in John G. Bennett’s magnum opus, The Dramatic Universe, or his other writings or to other ideas in the literature of the Gurdjieff Work that Bennett taught.

Scientific and philosophical discussion partially influenced by Bennett and/or Work ideas is also included in my book, Elements and Relations: Aspects of a Scientific Metaphysics (2023). See, for example, Chapter 6: Science, Religion, Politics, and browse the Index. More on Elements and Relations is here.

Extensive information on JGB Systematics is available at the Systematics website. See also the Academia page of Anthony Blake, associate of JGB.

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Mussar and Esotericism in Revolutionary Russia (2024)

Western Jewish Studies Association meeting, Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona, May 6, 2024

Similarities/differences of spiritual exercises in the early Work and Novarodok Mussar. Other papers on the Jewish Mussar tradition of inner work are here. Consider this paper in conjunction with “Personal Knowledge and the Inner Sciences” below.

Polymorphism and Polysemy in Images of the Sefirot (2021)

Western Judaic Studies Association 25th Annual Conference, online.

On representations of the Kabbalistic Tree, focusing on the dyad, triad, heptad, and other structures, which Bennett called “systems.

Rosenstock-Huessy’s “Cross of Reality” and Systems Theory (2021)

Northwest Philosophy Conference, Portland State University, Nov 12-13.

On Rosenstock-Huessy’s tetrad, not clearly related to Bennett’s tetrad but whose generality illustrates Bennett’s aim in his Systematics.

Words and Diagrams about Rosenzweig's Star (2020)

Naharaim (2020) 14(1): 5-33.

On Rosenzweig’s hexad (the Star of David) which is different from Bennett’s hexad.

Ideas and Graphs: the Tetrad of Activity (2018)

International Journal of General Systems (2018) 47(7): 731-750.

The ubiquity of the tetrad as interpreted by Bennett; the possibility of enhancing Systematics by more extensive use of graph theory. 

Caravan of Stilts (2018)

Proceedings of the 23rd All and Everything 2018 International Conference, 163-176.

An allegory based on Gobi expedition story in Meetings with Remarkable Men.

Mind and Life: Is the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature False? (2016)

Biological Theory (2016) 11:25–38, DOI 10.1007/s13752-015-0231-1

Discussion of “mind” using Bennett’s scheme of automatic, sensitive, and conscious energies.

Freedom as a Natural Phenomenon (2015)

Foundations of Science (2015) 20(3), DOI 10.1007/s10699-015-9433-z. 

Characterization of “freedom” using Bennett’s 3-2-1 triad and his scheme of automatic, sensitive, and conscious energies.

Levels of Altruism (2014)

Biological Theory (2014) 9(1): 100-107: DOI 10.1007/s13752-013-0145-8

On a hierarchy of types of altruism, structured via the octave.

Complexity Theory and Political Change: Talcott Parsons Occupies Wall Street (2012)

In Complexity and the Human Experience, Modeling Complexity in the Human and Social Sciences, Paul A. Youngman & Mirsad Hadzikadic, editors, CRC Press, 2014, 141-160. 

Similarity of Parsons’ tetrad of “action” to Bennett’s tetrad of “activity”; some political implications. 

Personal Knowledge and the Inner Sciences (2010)

In Markus Locker, ed., Systems Theory and Theology: The Living Interplay between Science and Religion, 49-61. Eugene: Pickwick Publications. 

Conceptualizing inner work as science.

Holism and Human History (slides, audio) (2010)

Holism and Human History (2009)

Metanexus, July 19, 2009 (Cosmos, Nature and Culture: A Transdisciplinary Conference, Phoenix, Arizona).

Modeling human history using the structure of the enneagram.

Symbolic Structures as Systems: On the Near Isomorphism of Two Symbolic Structures (2010)

In Markus Locker, ed., Systems Theory and Theology: The Living Interplay between Science and Religion (2010), 62-96, Eugene: Pickwick Publications. 

On the similarity of a Jewish and a Neo-Confucian religious symbol.

A Conversation on Theodicy (2008)

https://metanexus.net/conversation-theodicy/

A dialog about imperfection as a consequence of hazard (a theme explored by Bennett) and perfecting (tikkun) as a human responsibility. 

Systems Metaphysics: A Bridge from Science to Religion (2007)

Metanexus conference: Transdisciplinarity and the Unity of Knowledge: Beyond the Science and Religion Dialogue. June 2-6, 2007; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Reprinted in Metanexus, June 24, 2007. 

Conceptions of “sacred isomorphisms” and inner science.

A Review of Systems: New Paradigms for the Human Sciences (2002)

International Journal of General Systems (2002) 31 (1): 101-109.

Discussion of a chapter in this book about dyadic and triadic tensions or incompatibilities.

Thoughts on Some Shabbat Prayers (2002)

Unpublished paper.

An interpretation, influenced by Work ideas, of some Jewish prayers.

Understanding Imperfection (2000)

World Congress of the Systems Sciences & 44th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, Toronto, July 16-22, 2000. 

Further thoughts about Bennett’s ideas on hazard.

Towards an Ontology of Problems (1995)

Advances in Systems Science and Applications Inauguration Issue I, pp. 37-42.

The ontological lawfulness of imperfection.

Incompleteness, Negation, Hazard: On the Precariousness of Systems (1984)

Nature and System (1984) 6: 33-42. 

A systems-theoretic exploration, inspired by Bennett’s ideas on hazard, of the ubiquity of flawedness or imperfection. Updated in Chapter 1 (Essay) of Elements and Relations.

Some Analogies of Hierarchical Order in Biology and Linguistics (1978)

Applied General Systems Research: Recent Developments & Trends (1978), edited by George J. Klir, New York: Plenum Press, 521-529. 

Structural parallels between biology and linguistics that illustrate aspects of the octave.

Dialectics and Catastrophe (1978)

Sociocybernetics (1978) 1: 129-154. 

Relevance of Hegelian and Marxian dialectics, interpreted via catastrophe theory, to the dyad and the triad of Bennett’s Systematics. 

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These papers, temporarily available at the “Selected Works of Martin Zwick” site provided to Portland State University by bepress.com and scheduled to disappear in early 2025, are available at https://web.pdx.edu/~zwick/ .

 

© Copyright 2025 Martin Zwick