pg 135 - "open-ended, intertermporal effects",
hierarchy theory provides "an improved conceptualization of space-time relations in assessing impacts would be at least one step toward better problem formulation and perhaps would yield some progress in decision making."
rating various dynamics in physical-biological coupled environment requires understanding social values and what is and isn't already being protected
Panarchy is a name for this area of research
slow and fast processes
overlapping
thresholds
a solution is a temporary stable point in the discussion (see later act and reflect cycle)
wicked problems are wicked because we can't absolutely rank the goods that are being provided by the solutions
multie-attribute theory for examining all the possible outcomes, benefits and costs
triple bottom line
balanced scorecard
this is controversial - many environmental scientists feel that it is their job to remain isolated from the politics, policy and values of problems
USGS - provide the highest quality data for policy makers
many of your responses to the salmon problem were serial
find the carrying capacity of salmon (science) and then allocate money (policy) to try to achieve that goal
EPA's RA/RM institutionalized this
science of risk, practice of management
another example is the use of the "best available science" in making decisions
use the best science that is currently available, not the responsibility of agencies to promote or sponsor needed research
pg 142 - "the damaging part of the myth -- the assumption that there is a one-way flow of information from the scientists to toward the policy makers and the public.
ignorance and uncertainty are inevitable (bounded rationality)
and they lead to surprises (qualitative different outcomes that expected or studied)
need policies designed to survive surprises (safe-fail approaches built in)
