Surprise

Definition

Need to design experiments that don't eliminate surprises.

Need to be ready to follow up on surprising results.

Crawford S. Holling (1986, 294) defined surprise as Simmel used it in the context of his relation between subjective and objective culture and points to Arendt's "startling unexpectedness": "Surprise concerns both the natural system and the people who seek to understand causes, to expect behaviors, and to achieve some defined purpose by actionlist here
when perceived reality departs qualitatively from expectationlist here
Schumpeter, the economist Neil Kay (1984, 69) defines surprise as follows: "A surprising event may be regarded as one whose occurrence was not anticipated, or which has been allocated such a low probability that the possibility of its occurrence was effectively discounted."ist here
Ecologist Harvey Brooks (1986) categorized different forms of surprises into unexpected discrete events, sharp breaks in long-term trends, and the sudden emergence into political consciousness of new information.
"local surprise, cross-scale surprise, and true novelty" (Gunderson 2003, 36)