1. (4 points) Depending on the group attached at the phosphate ester position, a phospholipid could be either negatively charged or a zwitterion (neutral). Give an example of each type. Be as specific as you can with all of the aspects of the structures (more specific = more points).
2. (3 points) Nitrous acid was used earlier to make diazonium ions from aminoaromatic compounds. In the case of some of the nucleic acid bases, nitrous acid reaction with amino groups could lead to mutagenic activity. Examine its reaction with cytidine (shown below, where R represents ribose). Explain why this could lead to a mutation. Be specific by considering what would happen to the sequence CAU if the indicated reaction took place and what error in translation would occur.
3. (3 points) Explain the terms replication, transcription, and
translation as applied to nucleic acids. (Use the back of this sheet)