Organic Chemistry III

Professor Carl C. Wamser

Carbohydrates

Knowledge - Level 1

know the names and structures of the most common carbohydrates:

glyceraldehyde, glucose, ribose, fructose
cellulose, starch, sucrose

know the terminology:

aldose, ketose, triose, tetrose, pentose, etc.
pyranose, furanose, glycoside
anomer, epimer
D, L configuration
alditol, aldonic acid, aldaric acid
reducing sugar
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Concepts - Level 2

understand the interconversion of anomeric hemiacetal forms (mutarotation)

understand the possible linkages between monosaccharides to make di- and polysaccharides

Applications - Level 3

classify carbohydrates according to the terminolgy above

use Fischer projections to show stereochemistry

write open-chain sugars with Fischer projections

write cyclic sugars with Haworth projections or chair structures

write di- and polysaccharides with various glycoside linkages

Analytical Skills - Level 4 & higher

predict products from reactions of sugars

OH substitutions: esters, ethers, glycosides
reductions: alditols
oxidations: aldonic acids, aldaric acids

structure - function correlations:

recognize how structural features lead to differences in physical and chemical properties and make particular molecules suitable for particular functions