Chem 334 - Fall 2001
Organic Chemistry I

Dr. Carl C. Wamser

Chapter 4 Notes: Alcohols and Alkyl Halides

Functional groups

alkyl halide: R-X (X = halogen atom)

alcohol: R-O-H (hydroxyl group)

Functional Group Classification

Alkyl Halide Nomenclature

Alcohol Nomenclature

Alcohol Examples


cyclohexyl alcohol or cyclohexanol

trans-4-methylcyclohexanol

Structure of Alcohols

Boiling Points of Alkyl Halides

Polarity of Alkyl Halides

Hydrogen Bonding

Effects of H-Bonding


Review of Acid-Base Reactions

Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base

Acidity Constant (Ka)

usually simplified to
HA <==> H+ + A-

Acid Strength (pKa)

pH and pKa

Structural Effects on Acid Strength

Acid-Base Reactions

CH3COOH + OH- <==> CH3COO- + H2O
acid (pKa = 5) + base <==> base + acid (pKa = 15.7)
reaction favored for stronger acid

reaction favored to the right

Lewis Acids


Acid-Base Reactions of Alcohols

Mechanism of Proton Transfer - Potential energy diagram

Acidity of Alcohols

Substitution Reactions with HX - SN1 Mechanism

Carbocations

Reactivity

Hammond's Postulate

Substitution Reactions with HX - SN2 Mechanism

Halogen Substitution with Other Reagents

Halogenation of Alkanes

Free Radicals

Mechanism - Chain initiation

Mechanism - Chain propagation

Mechanism - Chain termination

Energetics

Halogenation of Larger Alkanes

Regioselectivity

Hammond's Postulate

Radical stability