pg 49 - "What unifies inquiry, according to pragmastist, is a community's shared focus on a real-world problem.""This book explores how we talk about the environment and how failures of communication across incommensurate conceptual frameworks result in social traps and confusing discourse."
"Adaptive management is science-based management that assumes we usually do not know enough to choose what is absolutely best to do.."
pg xiii - "proposed linguistic innovations will be tested not against preexperiential ideologies, but against real-world problems and case studies, including controlled experiments whenever possible."
most scientists "adhere sharply to the positvist precept that factual and normative discourse are best separated.
I argue
1) facts and values must be discussed together
2) norms and environmenal values need to be open for questioning and revision
"So I also follow the pragmatist idea of the unity of inquiry, which holds that there is only one way to improve both empirical understanding and normative judgement: experience."
pg 43 - "The only languages known that are rich enough for this purpose are ordinary languages, languages that have evolved in real communities with real problems, real objectives, and real attempts to cooperate. The language of adaptive management, accordingly, must be ordinary language as it has evolved in specific, communities facing problems and cherishing goals."
pg 49 - "What unifies inquiry, according to pragmastist, is a community's shared focus on a real-world problem."
pg 56 - Section 2.3 "the method of experience"
pg 72 - "so the key characteristic of a culture of the future will be the ability to learn, even as we manage by the seat of our pants."
pg 77 - Norton uses "environmental pragmatism quite specifically to refer to the habit of mind ..."
"The habit of mind, the theory of language, and the adaptive, experimental approach to environmental action to me three sides of the same coin."
pg 82 - "linguistic characterization of problems are often crucial to finding a cooperative solution;
"if we are using outmoded or confusing concepts that encourage the formulation of disagreements ideologically,
Norton made the "controversial claim that language is our world; ... The world we experience is not the same world we would have experienced if we spoke a different language; but also true that languages are inseparable from the activities and practices of a people who use that language to communicate."
pg 89 - "Leopold accepted only one principle: rely on experience and only experience"
pg 92 - "Adaptive management, as understood here, is an approach to understanding, justifying, and implementing policies that affect the environment.
adaptive management has three tenets
"
1.Experimentalism. Adaptive managers emphasize experimentalism, taking actions capable of reducing uncertainty in the future.
2. Multiscalar analysis. Adaptive managers understand, model, and monitor natural systems on multiple scales of space and time.
3. Place sensitivity. Adaptive managers adopt local places, understood as humanly occupied geographic palaces, as the perspective from which multiscalar management orients."
"
pg 105 adaptive management contains the key part of traditional science in that science puts emphasis on "expanding experience - especially when experience is fortified with an explicit logic that governs experimentation and careful observation - can eventually reduce uncertainty and result in cooperative action by communities."
pg 114 - "Curiosity-driven science can be contrasted with "postdisciplinary" or "postnormal" science, science that is undertaken as part of a mission, science that is explicitly value-laden."
pg 118 "at least three important differences between the operations of logica docens, the logic of truth-seeking, and logica utens, the logic of problem-solving and adaptive living."
logica docens logica utens value neutral demands the expression of many value viewpoints abhors Type I errors - possitive assertions of truth that cannot be fully verified balances concern about asserting a non-truth vs. the possibility that inactions could be calamitous static ideal of truth dynamic, problem-solving concept of truth-seeking
Norton hypothesizes "communal values" <!-- add this to the choice:values viewer at the second level as it overlaps scale -->
and that if he is correct will challenge the idea of an individualistic "economic" man
key elements of new approach
1. pluralism requires multicriteria analysis
2. evaluation must be in context
3. participants may commit to cooperativity because of procedural norms
4. shared goals to seek cooperation rather than chaos or resorting to force
a threat to adaptive management is the line of reasoning that we should rely on experts to solve technical problems
anti-democratic
"uncritical confidence in computational models leads to contempt for democratic and negotiated outcomes and reinforces the idea among analysts that they have "the right answer", against which negotiated ouctomes can be critically compared."
pg 272 - "A decision model that aims not at an experience-independent sense of "best-solution", but rather at slow progress through social learning over time and many revisitings of a wicked problem, will best fit our needs as adaptive managers.
"Environmental problems, then, are best seen as problems of cooperative behavior,
pg 316 - "Grand Simplification" "since we do not know what people in the future will need - and since resources are substitutable for each other - the only thing we can do is to meaures and compare welfare across time." - i.e. increase capital of any forms
Chapter 11: Disciplinary Stew
pg 440 - "the solution is for ethics to become more scientific, not more metaphysical"
pg 441 - "the science of adaptive management" uses common language, to address mission oriented or postnormal science"
"Disciplinary peer review, the touchstone of disciplinary science, is inadequate to multidiscplinary, action oriented deliberations."
pg 449 - "Language, as it functions in the service of communication within real communities, is constrained by the common experiences of the other members. 
"Objectivity is, indeed, imposed from outside of us in the sense that we do not control our experience, and this independentce of our control is the basis for what I have called limited realism." <!-- my bolding -->
pg 480 " wicked problems and are better characterized and understood as involving compettion among multiple goods and legitimate interests than as oppositions between right and wrong, good and bad or optimal and suboptimal"
problem formulation is the most difficult step
choosing development paths the promote the right mix
disagreement will be about how aggressively to pursue particular improvements
pg 484 - environmental science is effected by politics - towering
"One could argue, to the contrary, that a more cooperative structure and process at EPA, one of the most contentioius and politicized of all federal agencies, would go a long way toward reducing partisanship and fractured politics in the country."
pg 486 - environmental policies can open new lines of communication
EXAMPLE:
pg 487 - Netherlands - "both the science and policy discussions were undertaken with a twenty-five year horizon - one generation.
long enough to get major change, but short enough to imply urgency
pg 488 - one of the scenarios was to decrease polution, but would have required a 70 to 80 % decrease and be very expensive
lead to the 3rd scenario that was to change the focus to reducing polution at the source instead of end-of-pipe approach
classified environmental problems by their source, not the media <!-- not water or air, etc -->
small, incremental changes would be overwhelmed
classify problems by source
eutrophication was from the excess import of grains, export of meat and essentially leaving manure
Dutch renamed eutrophication "manure-ification"
pg 494 - "citizens of the United States - a frontier country with rich land and water reources - have never had to learn the cooperative skills that the polder model encouraged and that the Dutch model is irrelevant here." <!-- mind & nature -->
Conclusions:
pg 495 - "ideology will continue to reign until we have a coherent, experience-based language for discussing environmental problems and goals."
pg 498 - "If environmentalists will explicitly address the problem of linguistic poverty by actively working to create a more comprehensive, pluralistic language of environmental values ..."