| Tool or Approach | Salient features of problem | Consideration Information Guidance |
| 4 Types of problems | knowledge and values | |
Scale |
size and time | |
| Pattern | complexity, recurring | |
| Systems | open/closed, types of feedback | |
| Efficiency | output / input or overall including machinery | |
| Risk and uncertainty | calculation of risk three factors of uncertainty (human action, measurement, inherent variability) |
|
| KCV | problem types + managment control | |
| Innovation | imitate or risk new solution need to have dissemination |
|
| Accounting | identify decision and data needs |
|
| Entrepreneurism | market or governance failure serve social and environmental purpose |
|
| SAM | manipulations are experiments | |
| Multi-criteria | start from value agreement |