Describe the steps in the "multiple perspective framework and explain how this helps to solve problems.

What is the difference between instrumental diversity and fundamental preference diversity. How does this relate to the super-addititivity principle?

State Homer-Dixon's "Ingenuity Gap". How does this relate to environmental problem solving?

Give an example of how well-meaning human actions lead to an even bigger, less tractable problem.

Why does innovation require institutions (as well as technological advances)?

Give an example of "combinatorial innovation". Why is using tested components safer than than relying on a fundamentally new method for addressing a problem?

Environmental entrepreneurism helps fill gaps between social, commercial and governmental actions. Give an example of where an entrepreneurial approach to an environmental problem has promise. Explain the advantages in this particular situation.

These are the major concepts in the course - you should be able to relate any one of these to any other.

• I=PAT
• Everything is connected
• positive and negative feedback (exponential growth, vicious cycle, negative feedback control)
• accounting systems for supporting decisions (not just counting)
• risk - calculating probabilities
• uncertainty - unknowns
• worldviews (Individualist, Hierarchist, Egalitarian & Fatalist)
• using multiple perspectives
• innovation and entrepreneurism as approaches to environmental programs

Chapter 12: Multiple Perspectives Framework

• The major steps in the framework are to gather information, use multiple perspectives to get more information, interview local experts, analyze the structure of the information you have and put this toward adaptive management solution.
• Describe how the viewers are used to create narratives. Make up an example or using one viewer to describe a problem.
• What is meant by a "salient feature" of a viewer?
• According to this approach, is it better to get ambiguous results in the first phases. Why?

Chapter 13: Innovation

• What is the "ingenuity gap"? What are unintended consequences?
• Describe how technological and institutional innovation need to go together and give an example.

Chapter 15: Entrepreneurism

• Why can we compare entrepreneurism to keystone species.
• from this and the lecture notes
  • what are conditions in which small-scale - see above

Case study

From my written piece on Nicaragua.

What type of problems are good for environmental entrepreneurism?

What is the advantages of combining well tested components?

Why is information support required?

 

Analysis and Synthesis questions:
These are the type of manipulations you should be able to perform; parse out the parts of the question, remember or find concepts that are useful, and then put those together into a coherent answer.