MAJOR ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
Track I
ASEAN 10 - est. 1967. Original Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand; then Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Burma (1997), Cambodia (1998).
ASEAN-PMC (Post-Ministerial Conference) - est. 1972 - cooperation among ASEAN-6 and 7 “dialogue partners”; in 1992 security cooperation added to agenda, along with observer states.
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) - est. 1994 - trade liberalization
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) - est. 1994 by ASEAN-PMC for security confidence-building. Includes ASEAN-PMC and Dialogue Partners (24 in all).
ASEAN-Europe Meeting (ASEM) – est. 1996.
ASEAN+3 – est. 1996 – annual meetings of ASEAN, PRC, ROK, Japan
APEC - est. 1989. 23 “economies.” Consultative grouping for economic cooperation based on “open regionalism.” Working groups and Networks.
KEDO (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Org.) – 1994 – ROK, US, Japan, EU
Track II
PECC - est. 1980. Over 20 members. Regional economic cooperation involving non-business as well as business sectors, and state officials. Outgrowth of Pacific Basin Economic Council, est. 1967.
PBEC - business.
CSCAP (Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific, 1993) - scholars
NACD (Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue, 1994) - IGCC, La Jolla, Calif. - scholars, government and military officials.
Northeast Asia Economic Forum – conferences on economic cooperation.
Chinese business networks
GROWTH TRIANGLES and DEVELOPMENT AREAS
GREATER CHINA (Chinese Economic Area): SE Coastal PRC, Taiwan, Hong Kong
SIJORI (Singapore, Johor/Malaysia), Riau (Indo): 1989; private sector activity
NORTHERN GROWTH TRIANGLE: w. Indonesia, n. Malaysia, s. Thailand.
BAHT ECON. ZONE: Yunnan, PRC; Vietnam, Laos, ne Thailand (private sector)
TUMEN RIVER (TRADP): Russia, PRC, Mongolia, ROK, DPRK, Japan (UNDP)
YELLOW SEA EZ: n. PRC, Japan, ROK (private sector)
JAPAN SEA EZ: Japan, e. Russia, ne China, ROK, DPRK (private sector)
Track III: NGOs and Popular Movements
Environmental, energy, human rights, security dialog. Examples: Nautilus Institute, Greenpeace,
Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch Asia, Walhi (Indonesia), farmers’ and labor associations.