2. Visualize: Histogram and Related
David Gerbing
Data
Most of the following examples are an analysis of data in the
Employee data set, included with lessR. First
read the Employee data into the data frame d. See the
Read and Write vignette for more details.
##
## >>> Suggestions
## Recommended binary format for data files: feather
## Create with Write(d, "your_file", format="feather")
## More details about your data, Enter: details() for d, or details(name)
##
## Data Types
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## character: Non-numeric data values
## integer: Numeric data values, integers only
## double: Numeric data values with decimal digits
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Variable Missing Unique
## Name Type Values Values Values First and last values
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 1 Years integer 36 1 16 7 NA 7 ... 1 2 10
## 2 Gender character 37 0 2 M M W ... W W M
## 3 Dept character 36 1 5 ADMN SALE FINC ... MKTG SALE FINC
## 4 Salary double 37 0 37 63788.26 104494.58 ... 66508.32 67562.36
## 5 JobSat character 35 2 3 med low high ... high low high
## 6 Plan integer 37 0 3 1 1 2 ... 2 2 1
## 7 Pre integer 37 0 27 82 62 90 ... 83 59 80
## 8 Post integer 37 0 22 92 74 86 ... 90 71 87
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As an option, also read the table of variable labels. Create the
table formatted as two columns. The first column is the variable name
and the second column is the corresponding variable label. Not all
variables need be entered into the table. The table can be a
csv file or an Excel file.
Read the label file into the l data frame, currently the
only permitted name. The labels will be displayed on both the text and
visualization output. Each displayed label is the variable name
juxtaposed with the corresponding label, as shown in the following
output.
##
## >>> Suggestions
## Recommended binary format for data files: feather
## Create with Write(d, "your_file", format="feather")
## More details about your data, Enter: details() for d, or details(name)
##
## Data Types
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## character: Non-numeric data values
## ------------------------------------------------------------
##
## Variable Missing Unique
## Name Type Values Values Values First and last values
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 1 label character 8 0 8 Time of Company Employment ... Test score on legal issues after instruction
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## label
## Years Time of Company Employment
## Gender Man or Woman
## Dept Department Employed
## Salary Annual Salary (USD)
## JobSat Satisfaction with Work Environment
## Plan 1=GoodHealth, 2=GetWell, 3=BestCare
## Pre Test score on legal issues before instruction
## Post Test score on legal issues after instruction
Histogram
One of the most frequently encountered visualizations for continuous
variables is the histogram, which outlines the general shape of the
underlying distribution.
Histogram: Bin similar values into a group, then plot the
frequency of occurrence of the data values in each bin proportional to
the height of the corresponding bar.
A call to a function to create a histogram contains the name of the
continuous variable that contains the plotted values. With the
X() function, that variable name is the first parameter
value passed to the function. In this example, the only
parameter value passed to the function is the variable name. The data
frame is named d, the default value. The following illustrates
the call to X() with a continuous variable named \(x\).
To illustrate, consider the continuous variable Salary in
the Employee data table. Use X() to tabulate and display
the number of employees in each department, here relying upon the
default data frame (table) named d, so the data=
parameter is not needed.
## [Interactive plot from the Plotly R package (Sievert, 2020)]
## >>> Suggestions
## bin_width: set the width of each bin
## bin_start: set the start of the first bin
## bin_end: set the end of the last bin
## X(Salary, type="density") # smoothed curve + histogram
## X(Salary, type="vbs") # Violin/Box/Scatterplot (VBS) plot
##
## --- Salary ---
##
## n miss mean sd min mdn max
## 37 0 83795.557 21799.533 56124.970 79547.600 144419.230
##
##
##
## --- Outliers --- from the box plot: 1
##
## Small Large
## ----- -----
## 144419.2
##
##
## Bin Width: 10000
## Number of Bins: 10
##
## Bin Midpnt Count Prop Cumul.c Cumul.p
## ---------------------------------------------------------
## 50000 > 60000 55000 4 0.11 4 0.11
## 60000 > 70000 65000 8 0.22 12 0.32
## 70000 > 80000 75000 8 0.22 20 0.54
## 80000 > 90000 85000 5 0.14 25 0.68
## 90000 > 100000 95000 3 0.08 28 0.76
## 100000 > 110000 105000 5 0.14 33 0.89
## 110000 > 120000 115000 1 0.03 34 0.92
## 120000 > 130000 125000 1 0.03 35 0.95
## 130000 > 140000 135000 1 0.03 36 0.97
## 140000 > 150000 145000 1 0.03 37 1.00
##
By default, the X() function provides a color theme
according to the current, active theme. The function also provides the
corresponding frequency distribution, summary statistics, the table that
lists the count of each category, from which the histogram is
constructed, as well as an outlier analysis based on Tukey’s outlier
detection rules for box plots.
Customize the Histogram
Use the parameters bin_start, bin_width,
and bin_end to customize the histogram.
X(Salary, bin_start=35000, bin_width=14000)
Easy to change the color, either by changing the color theme with
style(), or just change the fill color with
fill. Can refer to standard R colors, as shown with
lessR function showColors(), or implicitly
invoke the lessR color palette generating function
getColors(). Each 30 degrees of the color wheel is named,
such as "greens", "rusts", etc, and implements
a sequential color palette.
Use the color parameter to set the border color, here
turned off.
X(Salary, fill="reds", color="transparent")
The default for formatting both axis labels is to round numeric
values of thousands, such as 100000 to 100K. With parameter
axis_fmt, this default of to {"K"} can be
changed. Also can specify {","} to insert commas in large
numbers with a decimal point or {"."} to insert periods, or
{""} to turn off formatting. The value of
{"K"} can also be combined with {","} or
{"."} by forming a vector of values, such as
c("K", ",").
Axis labels can also formatted by adding a prefix to a numeric value
with the parameter axis_pre, such as $ or
€. The value of axis_pre can be multiple
characters, such as for the Brazilian currency, R$.
X(Salary, axis_fmt=",", axis_x_pre="$")
Density Plot
The histogram portrays a continuous distribution with discrete bins,
with more modern visualizations available that directly display the
estimated underlying smooth curve.
Density plot: A smooth curve that estimates the underlying
continuous distribution.
To create a density plot, specify the value of type as
"density" parameter. The result is the filled density curve
superimposed on the histogram.
X(Salary, type="density")
The kind parameter indicates the type of density curve.
The default is "general". Options are "normal"
for a normal density curve and "both" for both.
VBS Plot
A more modern version of the density plot combines the violin plot,
box plot, and scatter plot into a single visualization, here called the
VBS plot.
##
## --- Salary ---
## Present: 37
## Missing: 0
## Total : 37
##
## Mean : 83795.557
## Stnd Dev : 21799.533
## IQR : 31012.560
## Skew : 0.190 [medcouple, -1 to 1]
##
## Minimum : 56124.970
## Lower Whisker: 56124.970
## 1st Quartile : 66772.950
## Median : 79547.600
## 3rd Quartile : 97785.510
## Upper Whisker: 132563.380
## Maximum : 144419.230
##
##
## --- Outliers --- from the box plot: 1
##
## Small Large
## ----- -----
## 144419.23
##
## Number of duplicated values: 0
##
##
## ---------- Parameter values (can be manually set)
##
## size: 0.61 size of plotted points
## out_size: 0.82 size of plotted outlier points
## jitter_y: 0.45 random vertical movement of points
## jitter_x: 0.00 random horizontal movement of points
## bw: 9529.04 set bandwidth higher for smoother edges
##
##
## ---------- Summary Statistics for Salary
Full Manual
Use the base R help() function to view the full manual
for X(). Simply enter a question mark followed by the name
of the function.
?Histogram
More
More on Histograms and other visualizations from
lessR and other packages such as
ggplot2 at:
Gerbing, D., R Visualizations: Derive Meaning from Data, CRC
Press, May, 2020, ISBN 978-1138599635.
