Extract[]The most general way to subset a data frame by rows and/or columns is the base R Extract[] function, indicated by matched square brackets instead of the usual matched parentheses. For a data frame named d the general format is d[rows, columms].
For the rows parameter, pass either
To specify a logical expression for the rows parameter, use the standard R operators.
| operator | meaning |
|---|---|
| & | and |
| | | or |
| ! | not |
| == | is equal to |
| != | is not equal to |
| %in% | is in a vector |
For example, to obtain a subset of the data frame that consists of only those who report a value of the Gender variable as Female, specify a logical condition such as:
Gender=="Female"For the cols parameter, pass either
If subsetting is done by only rows or only columns, then leave the other value blank. For example, to subset the d data frame only by rows, the general form reduces to d[rows,]. Similarly, to subset only by columns, d[,cols].
ExtractWhen Extract[] evaluates the row or column specifications to obtain the indices, there are several annoying properties.
rows: Any reference to the variables in the data frame for this specification must contain the name of the data frame followed by a $. But this name has already been specified in the call to Extract[] by listing the data frame name in front of the square brackets, so now is redundant, repeated for every variable reference.rows: When specifying a value of a variable for a row selection, any missing values for the variable are also provided even though the missing data values are not the requested value of the variable.cols: Usually specified with a vector of variable names but all variable names in in the provided vector of names must be quoted.cols: No variable ranges specified with a colon : such as m01:m10 to specify 10 variables: m01, m02, …, up to m10.rows and cols. Instead directly enter the conditions for both rows and columns, which can make the entire expression quite large.Extract[]To address the first two deficiencies, one possibility is the base R subset() function. To address these deficiencies and still use Extract[] directly, lessR provides the function .() for obtaining the indices of selected rows and of selected columns. This function is only callable within the base R Extract[] function, with what R refers to as non-standard evaluation. That basically means that the annoying restrictions are removed, though in some advanced programming uses the .() may not apply.
The general form of the subsetting with the .() function follows.
d[.(rows), .(columns)]That is, call the same Extract[] function with reference to rows and cols, but now wrap the row and column expressions with the lessR function call .().
To illustrate, use the Employee data set contained in lessR, here read into the d data frame.
d <- Read("Employee")Subset the data frame by only listing observations with a Gender of “M” with scores on Post larger than 90. Only list columns for the variables in the range from Years to Salary, and Post. Referring back to the output of Read(), the variable range includes Years, Gender, Dept, and Salary.
d[.(Gender=="M" & Post>90), .(Years:Salary, Post)]## Years Gender Dept Salary Post
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 M ADMN 63788.26 92
## Hoang, Binh 15 M SALE 121074.86 97
## Pham, Scott 13 M SALE 91871.05 94
## Correll, Trevon 21 M SALE 144419.23 94
## Langston, Matthew 5 M SALE 59188.96 93
## Anderson, David 9 M ACCT 79547.60 91Following is the traditional R call to Extract[] to obtain the same subsetting.
d[d$Gender=="M" & d$Post>90, c("Years", "Gender", "Dept", "Salary", "Post")]## Years Gender Dept Salary Post
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 M ADMN 63788.26 92
## Hoang, Binh 15 M SALE 121074.86 97
## Pham, Scott 13 M SALE 91871.05 94
## Correll, Trevon 21 M SALE 144419.23 94
## Langston, Matthew 5 M SALE 59188.96 93
## Anderson, David 9 M ACCT 79547.60 91A row selection is a logical condition. To negate a row selection, add a ! to the beginning of the condition passed to .(), within the call to .(). To exclude the specified variables, place a -, in front of the call to .().
d[.(!(Gender=="M" & Post>90)), -.(Dept:Plan, Pre)]## Years Gender Post
## Wu, James NA M 74
## Downs, Deborah 7 W 86
## Jones, Alissa 5 W 62
## Afshari, Anbar 6 W 100
## Knox, Michael 18 M 84
## Campagna, Justin 8 M 84
## Kimball, Claire 8 W 92
## Cooper, Lindsay 4 W 91
## Saechao, Suzanne 8 W 100
## Tian, Fang 9 W 61
## Bellingar, Samantha 10 W 72
## Sheppard, Cory 14 M 73
## Kralik, Laura 10 W 71
## Skrotzki, Sara 18 W 61
## James, Leslie 18 W 70
## Osterman, Pascal 5 M 70
## Adib, Hassan 14 M 69
## Gvakharia, Kimberly 3 W 79
## Stanley, Grayson 9 M 73
## Link, Thomas 10 M 83
## Portlock, Ryan 13 M 73
## Stanley, Emma 3 W 84
## Singh, Niral 2 W 59
## Fulton, Scott 13 M 73
## Korhalkar, Jessica 2 W 87
## LaRoe, Maria 10 W 86
## Billing, Susan 4 W 90
## Capelle, Adam 24 M 81
## Hamide, Bita 1 W 90
## Anastasiou, Crystal 2 W 71
## Cassinelli, Anastis 10 M 87Can still provide the indices directly for one or both of the expressions as the base R Extract[] function is unmodified with the use of .(). The purpose of .() is simply to return the row or column row indices to identify specific rows or columns of the specified data frame. You can either specify the indices directory for the rows or columns, or let .() identify them for you.
d[1:3, .(Years:Salary, Post)]## Years Gender Dept Salary Post
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 M ADMN 63788.26 92
## Wu, James NA M SALE 104494.58 74
## Downs, Deborah 7 W FINC 67139.90 86d[.(Gender=="M" & Post>90), 1:3]## Years Gender Dept
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 M ADMN
## Hoang, Binh 15 M SALE
## Pham, Scott 13 M SALE
## Correll, Trevon 21 M SALE
## Langston, Matthew 5 M SALE
## Anderson, David 9 M ACCTTo enhance readability, store the specified row or column conditions as character strings. Each string must be named either rows or cols. Because the entire expression for rows or cols is a character string, differentiate between single and double quotes as needed. For example, use single quotes within the string and double quotes to define the entire string, illustrated here.
rows <- "Gender=='M' & Post>93"
cols <- "Gender:Salary, Post"To subset, pass the respective character strings, rows and cols, to .(), respectively.
d[.(rows), .(cols)]## Gender Dept Salary Post
## Hoang, Binh M SALE 121074.86 97
## Pham, Scott M SALE 91871.05 94
## Correll, Trevon M SALE 144419.23 94To negate, as with the literal expressions, use ! for the logical expression that defines the rows and - for the columns. Notice their placement, where the ! is inside the call to .(), and the - is outside the call.
d[.(!rows), -.(cols)]## Years JobSat Plan Pre
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 med 1 82
## Wu, James NA low 1 62
## Downs, Deborah 7 high 2 90
## Jones, Alissa 5 <NA> 1 65
## Afshari, Anbar 6 high 2 100
## Knox, Michael 18 med 3 81
## Campagna, Justin 8 low 1 76
## Kimball, Claire 8 high 2 93
## Cooper, Lindsay 4 high 1 78
## Saechao, Suzanne 8 med 1 98
## Tian, Fang 9 med 2 60
## Bellingar, Samantha 10 med 1 67
## Sheppard, Cory 14 low 3 66
## Kralik, Laura 10 med 2 74
## Skrotzki, Sara 18 med 2 63
## James, Leslie 18 low 3 70
## Osterman, Pascal 5 high 3 69
## Adib, Hassan 14 med 2 71
## Gvakharia, Kimberly 3 med 2 83
## Stanley, Grayson 9 low 1 74
## Link, Thomas 10 low 1 83
## Portlock, Ryan 13 low 1 72
## Langston, Matthew 5 low 3 94
## Stanley, Emma 3 high 2 86
## Singh, Niral 2 high 2 59
## Anderson, David 9 low 1 94
## Fulton, Scott 13 low 1 72
## Korhalkar, Jessica 2 <NA> 2 74
## LaRoe, Maria 10 high 2 80
## Billing, Susan 4 med 2 91
## Capelle, Adam 24 med 2 83
## Hamide, Bita 1 high 2 83
## Anastasiou, Crystal 2 low 2 59
## Cassinelli, Anastis 10 high 1 80The variable Dept is missing for the fourth row of data.
d[1:5,]## Years Gender Dept Salary JobSat Plan Pre Post
## Ritchie, Darnell 7 M ADMN 63788.26 med 1 82 92
## Wu, James NA M SALE 104494.58 low 1 62 74
## Downs, Deborah 7 W FINC 67139.90 high 2 90 86
## Hoang, Binh 15 M SALE 121074.86 low 3 96 97
## Jones, Alissa 5 W <NA> 63772.58 <NA> 1 65 62Here with the traditional use of Extract[], specify rows of data only when the value of Dept is ADMN.
d[d$Dept=="ADMN", c('Gender', 'Dept', 'Salary')]## Gender Dept Salary
## Ritchie, Darnell M ADMN 63788.26
## NA <NA> <NA> NA
## Afshari, Anbar W ADMN 79441.93
## James, Leslie W ADMN 132563.38
## Singh, Niral W ADMN 71055.44
## Billing, Susan W ADMN 82675.26
## Capelle, Adam M ADMN 118138.43The result provides what is requested, and also when Dept is <NA>, which is not requested. The requested value of ADMN is not the same as <NA>.
Use the .() function to obtain what is requested, rows of data in which the value of Dept is ADMN.
d[.(Dept=="ADMN"), .(Gender:Salary)]## Gender Dept Salary
## Ritchie, Darnell M ADMN 63788.26
## Afshari, Anbar W ADMN 79441.93
## James, Leslie W ADMN 132563.38
## Singh, Niral W ADMN 71055.44
## Billing, Susan W ADMN 82675.26
## Capelle, Adam M ADMN 118138.43The function .() also provides for random selection of rows. To randomly select the specified number of rows from the data frame to subset, specify the random() function for the logical criterion of the rows. The value passed to random() can either be the actual number of rows to select, or the proportion of rows to select.
Here randomly select five rows of data from the d data frame.
d[.(random(5)), .(Years:Salary)]## Years Gender Dept Salary
## Jones, Alissa 5 W <NA> 63772.58
## Skrotzki, Sara 18 W MKTG 101352.33
## Correll, Trevon 21 M SALE 144419.23
## Capelle, Adam 24 M ADMN 118138.43
## Portlock, Ryan 13 M SALE 87714.85Here specify a proportion of rows to select.
d[.(random(0.1)), .(Years:Salary)]## Years Gender Dept Salary
## Billing, Susan 4 W ADMN 82675.26
## Stanley, Emma 3 W ACCT 56124.97
## Kimball, Claire 8 W MKTG 71356.69
## Downs, Deborah 7 W FINC 67139.90