Chem 336 - Spring 1999 - Organic Chemistry III
Portland State University - Dr. Carl C. Wamser


Chapter 26 - Metabolism

Metabolic Processes

Digestion

ADP / ATP


NAD+ / NADH

FAD / FADH2 is another common reducing agent

Digestion of Fatty Acids - the Beta-Oxidation Pathway

  1. oxidation creates a conjugated double bond (uses FAD)
  2. hydration of the double bond makes an alcohol
  3. oxidation of the alcohol makes a beta-keto ester (uses NAD+)
  4. a reverse Claisen condensation gives acetyl CoA plus a shorter CoA ester
  5. repeat steps 1 - 4 until the chain is broken down to only two carbons (acetyl CoA)

Digestion of Glucose - Glycolysis

  1. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (uses ATP)
  2. glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
  3. fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate (uses ATP)
  4. reverse aldol reaction: fructose-1,6-diphosphate to dihydroxyacetonephosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  5. dihydroxyacetonephosphate isomerized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  6. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to glycerate-1,3-diphosphate (uses NAD+)
  7. glycerate-1,3-diphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate (generates an ATP)
  8. 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
  9. 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
  10. phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (generates an ATP)

Fates of Pyruvate