Organic Chemistry II
	Professor Carl C. Wamser
Chem 335 - Winter Term	Chapter 16 Notes

Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

Structure and Properties

• C-O-C bond
• bent bond, slightly polar
• no H-bonding (low bp), but H-bond acceptor (slightly water-soluble)
• crown ethers - specific complexing agents for cations

Nomenclature

• IUPAC: alkoxy- substituent
• common: alkyl ether
• diethyl ether = ethyl ether = "ether"
• cyclic ethers have special names (and lots of different names)
  • epoxides (3-membered rings) :
    oxirane, epoxyalkane, alkene oxide
  • oxetane (4), oxoloane (5), oxane (6)
• sulfides ( C-S-C bond )
  • IUPAC uses alkylthio- substituent
  • common uses alkyl sulfide
• disulfides: ( C-S-S-C bond )

Preparations of Ethers

• Williamson synthesis
  • SN2 reaction of alkoxide with alkyl halide
  • alkyl halide should be CH3 or 1°
• dehydration of alcohols
  • for symmetrical ethers only, best with CH3 or 1°

Preparations of Sulfides

• Williamson synthesis with thiolate anion + alkyl halide
• double displacement with Na2S and alkyl halide (symmetrical sulfides only)

Reactions of Ethers

• generally unreactive towards oxidation, reduction, base, and most acids
  (make good solvents)
  EXCEPT for
• cleavage by conc. HI or HBr
  R-O-R + 2 HX ---> 2 R-X + H2O
  reaction is either SN1 or SN2 (or both), depending on the R groups
• radical autoxidation to form hydroperoxides

Reactions of Sulfides

• similar to ethers except S is a better nucleophile and leaving group
  and S is easily oxidized
• sulfoxide ( S=O bond ) , sulfone ( two S=O bonds )
• sulfonium ions (trivalent S+)

Preparations of Epoxides

• oxidation of alkenes by peroxyacids
• internal SN2 in halohydrins

Reactions of Epoxides

• unlike most other ethers, epoxides are reactive, because of ring strain
• acid-catalyzed ring opening
  • protonation makes ring opening easier
  • always backside attack by nucleophile (like SN2)
  • but nucleophile attacks more substituted carbon (like SN1)
• nucleophilic ring opening
  • direct attack without protonation requires a strong nucleophile
  • backside attack on less-hindered carbon (like SN2)