I. VOCABULARY-- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 

1. shanbih	Saturday
2. yikshanbih	Sunday
3. duwshanbih	Monday
4. sih shanbih	Tuesday
5.ch?rshanbih(chah?rshanbih)	Wednesday
6. panjshanbih	Thursday
7. jum‘ih	Friday
8. pas-fard?	day after tomorrow
9. pariruz	day before yesterday
10. bimawqi‘	on time, timely
11. ris?dan (ras?dan)	to reach, to arrive, to come
12. d?r	late, tardy
13. d?r ?madan	to come (arrive) late
14. d?r kardan	to be late, to linger, to delay
15. d?r shudan	to get late, become late
16. durust	exact, correct, just
17. sar-i s?‘at	on time, sharp (with regard to time)
18. r?st?	by the way, truth
19. h?chch? (h?ch ch?z)	nothing
20. huq?q	salary, right, law
21. kam kardan	to deduct, to decrease, to subtract
22. kam shudan	to diminish, to be reduced
23. r?st	just, true (truth), right, straight, erect
24. r?st guftan	to tell the truth
25. ta‘t?l	holiday, vacation, day off
26. ta‘t?l kardan	to make a holiday, to suspend work, to close down, to take a day off
27. ta‘t?l b?dan	to be on vacation, to be closed, to have the day off
28. ?dam	mankind, a person, Adam, one (impersonal)
29. ch?z	(a) thing

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Eleven]

(a) Translate into English and write in Persian script.

1. jum‘ih ta‘t?l b?d; sar-i k?r naraftam. 2. par?r?z shanbih b?d, durust sar-i s?‘at-i nuh ris?dam. 3. val? sih shanbih-uw chah?r shanbih kam? d?r kardam. 4. r?st?, agih d?r bir? m?fahman? 5. balih kih m?fahman. 6. agar bifahman kih bimawqi‘ sar-i k?r nim?r?, ch? m?shih? 7. az huq?qam kam m?kunan 8. r?st m?g?? pas chir? biman naguft?? 9. magih nim?d?niss?? 10. nah h?ch nim?d?nissam.

(b) Translate into Persian.

1. Today is Monday. 2. Sunday was not a good day for me. 3. It was raining (The rain was coming.) 4. I telephoned K?vih and asked, "How about going to the movies together?" 5. He said, "If you can get here at six o'clock sharp, we could go together." 6. I asked what would happen if I were late. 7. He said, " I will deduct from your salary!. Why don't you want to come on time?" 8. I said, "I'm joking; I am off today and I'll be there at six o'clock sharp." 9. He wanted me to tell him that what I was going to do on Saturdays and Thursdays. 10. I said I'm working on those days.

(c) Transliterate and pay attention to the final hi in.......form and initial/medial bi and n?n in the form of......and......

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I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 
 
 

1. mihm?n (mihm?n)	guest
2. khw?stan	to want, to wish,to desire
3. t?l kash?dan	to last, to be prolonged
4. khuwsh ?mad?n	You're welcome.
5. vaqt	time, season, hour, opportunity
6. mus?firat	trip, journey
7. mar?z	sick, ill
8. ish?ll?h (in sh?’all?h)	God willing
9. bal? (bal?’)	calamity, misfortune
10. bastih	package,parcel
11. guzashtan	to pass, proceed to be spent (time)
12. kh?l?	empty
13. chiqad (chih qadr)	how much
14. k?l?mitr	kilometer
15. taqr?ban (taqr?b?")	approximately, about
16. utuwmub?l	automobile, car
17. safar	trip, journey
18. bastih bih (bastih ast bih)	depends on
19. sur‘at	speed, acceleration, velocity, agility
20. zahmat	trouble, bother, inconvenience
21. khidmat	service, attendance, ministration
22. tash?f (tashr?f)	honoring with a visit, ennobling
23. ?vurdan (?vardan)	to bring
24. tashr?f ?vardan	to come [formal]
25. manzil	house
26. khuwd	self
27. daf‘ih	time, occasion
28. daf‘ih d?gih	next time (daf‘ih-yi d?gar)
29. khuwsh	happy, delighted

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Twelve]

(a) Translate into English and write in Persian script.

1. mihm?n m?khw?yn? 2. khuwsh ?mad?n; bifarm?y?n t?. 3. payd?t?n n?s . 4. khayl? vaqtih shum?-ruw nad?dam. 5. raftih b?dam mus?firat. 6. vaqti?kih ?madam kh?nih mar?z shudam. 7. panj shish r?z sar-i k?r naraftam t? h?lam bihtar shud. 8. ?sh?ll?h kih bal? d?rih. 9. mamn?nam. 10. safar khuwsh guzasht? 11. j?-yi shum? kh?l?, safar-i kh?b? b?d. 12. az ?nj? t? ?nj? chiqad r?s (chiqadr r?h ast)? 13. taqr?ban (taqr?b?”) div?st k?l?mitrih. 14. b? utuwmub?l chiqad t?l m?kishih (m?kashad)? 15. sih y? ch?r s?‘at; bastih bih sur‘atit?n. 16. b?y? dafih-yi d?gih (dafi‘h d?gar) b?ham bir?m.

(b) Translate into Persian.

1. Do you like to have (want) a guest? 2. Welcome. Come in. 3. Where have you been? I haven't seen you for a long time. 4. I took a trip, and when I came home I got sick (I became ill). 5. I hope it was not too serious (calamity be far away, God willing). 6. Thanks. Did you enjoy the trip? 7. Yes, it was a good trip. I wish you were with me (your place was empty). 8. How far is it from here to there? 9. It is about 200 kilometers. 10. How long does it take by car? 11. Three or four hours depending on your speed. 12. Let's go together next time.

(c) Transliterate and pay attention to the alternate writing style for the letters      h and      kh in the underscored words.

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(c1) Transliterate and pay attention to the book print style

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 

1.‘az?z	dear
2. purtland	Portland
3. shahr	city
4. bisy?r	very, much
5. z?b?	beautiful
6. tanh?	alone, only, sole, lonely
7. albattih	of course, certainly
8. ham?ntawr kih	as, just as, in the same manner that
9. b?r?dan	to rain
10. muhimm	important
11. bahr?m	a masculine name
12. r?hat	easy, repose, restful, comfortable, convenient
13. n? r?hat	uncomfortable, inconvenient, uneasy
14. ham?shih	always
15. az taraf-i	on behalf (of)
16. hamih	all
17. afr?d (pl. for fard)	individuals
18. f?m?l	family
19. ?dris	address
20. jad?d	new, modern
21. sal?m ris?ndan (bih)	to extend greetings (to) say hello to, give regards(to)
22. d?st	friend
23. ut?q	room
24. ham-ut?q(i)	room-mate
25. bitawr?kih	so that, in such a manner that
26. taraf	side, direction, extremity
27. qurb?n	intimate, sincere, bonafide, sacrifice
28. m?yil b?dan	to be interested

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Thirteen]

(a) Make sentences with the following words and translate.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Thirteen]

(b) Write out the following passage as written and translate.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Thirteen]

(c) After transliteration and translation, change the following passage into colloquial Persian:

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I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 

1. r?h	road, way, path
2. har	each, every
3. g?h	time, place
4. har-g?h	in the event that, whenever, in case
5. m?y?n	between, among, middle, center, waist
6. mardum	people
7. juz	except, other than
8. ranj	suffering, pain
9. far?v?n	plenty, abundant, in great supply
10. raft-uw ?mad	traffic, to come and go, ply to and fro
11. s?l	year
12. qabl	before, ago
13. kh?var	east
14. har chih b?shtar bihtar	the more the better
15. kh?var-i m?y?nih	Middle East
16. b?shtar	more, most
17. k?rv?n	caravan
18. chah?r-p?	quadruped, animal
19. ‘ub?r	passing, transit, crossing
20.‘ub?r kardan az	to pass, to cross
21. shuwsih	gravel road, highway (Fr. chausee)
22. bayn	middle, distance between, interval, in the meantime
23. k?l?	goods, merchandise
24. ?s?n	easy
25. naql	transport, conveying, transfer, quotation, narration
26. haml	transport, shipment
27. s?khtan	to build, to construct, to put up with, to tolerate, to conspire
28. r?h-i shuwsih	gravel road
29. haml-uw naql shudan	to be shipped, to be transported
30. ba‘z? az	some of
31. kishvar	counntry, state

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Fourteen]

(a) Translate into English and write in Persian script in formal form.

1. agar m?yan-i duw shahr/ r?h nab?shih/ mardum nimit?nan/ bir?hat?/ raft-uw ?mad/ kunan. 2. t? chand s?l-i p?sh/ dar ba‘z? az/ kishvarh?-yi kh?var-i m?y?nih/ r?h-i utumuwb?l-ruw/ kam b?d. 3. b?shtar-i r?h-h?/ k?rv?n-ruw b?d. 4. har chih b?shtar/ r?h-i utumuwb?l-ruw/ s?khtih ishih/ bihtarih. 5. r?h? kih/ kh?b s?khtih shudih b?shih/ haml-uw naql-i k?l?-ruw/ khayl? ?s?n/ m?kunih.

1. If there are no roads between cities, people will travel with trouble and suffering.

2. Until a few years ago, there were very few automobile roads in some of the countries of the Middle East.

3. Most roads were caravan routes. Only animals could pass through.

4. Since the gravel roads have been built, traffic between cities has increased.

5. Today merchandise is easily shipped in most of the countries of the Middle East.

(c) Transliterate and translate

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 

1. ham?n (ham?n)	that very, the same, that same
2. b?r?n	out, outside
3. birun kardan	to send out, to drive out, kick out, dismiss, deport, fire, give one notice, evict
4. khuwd	self
5. nazar	opinion
6. dar b?rih-yi	about, on the subject of, concerning, regarding
7. k?shk? (k?sh)	I would that, I wish that
8. juluw (jiluw)	front, forward, ahead, advanced, fast
9. kas, kas?	one, someone
10. jiluw-yi kas? r? giriftan	to stop someone
11. suw’?l	Question
12. d?nishg?h	University
13. bihit, bih tuw	to you [informal]
14. tuw	thou, you [informal]
15. ham...ham	both...and
16. z?d, z?d-tar	soon, sooner, quickly, early
17. y?.....y?	either.....or
18. hamin	this same, this very
19. z?dtar?n	the earliest, the soonest
20. dar nazar d?shtan	to plan, to have in mind
21. kh?num	wife, lady
22. bachchih	child
23. sard	cold, chilly
24. hav?	weather, air
25. buzurgtar	older, larger, bigger
26. k?chiktar	younger, smaller
27. ims?l	this year
28. bid?n-i	without
29. har chih z?dtar	as soon as possible
30. muwz?‘	subject, topic
31.‘avaz kardan	to change, to exchange
32. nad?nistih	unknowingly
33. guftih	saying
34. j?lib	interesting
35. d?st d?shtan	to like, to be fond of, to love [lit. to have friend(s)]

(a) Translate into English, write in Persian script and learn how to say the following setences in colloquial form.

1. chir? ham?n r?z suw’?l va jav?b-r? nakhw?nd? 2. khw?hish m?kunam ?-r? biman bibakhsh?d. ?nr?z bar?yi ? r?z-i kh?bi nab?d. 3. chir?? magar chih shudih b?d? 4. az k?r b?r?nash kardih b?dand. 5. chih tas?duf-i bad?! um?d v?ram har chih z?d-tar k?r-i kh?b? piyd? kunad. 6. farm?d?d dar kh?var-i m?y?nih, ham raft-uw ?mad bayn-i shahrh? ?s?n shudih ham haml-uw naql-i k?l?-h?? 7. balih durustih; kam kam r?h-h?-yi k?rv?n-ruw j?-yi khuwd-r? bih r?h-h?-yi utuwmub?l-ruw m?dahand. 8. binazar-i man nab?yad jiluw-yi haml-uw naql-i k?l?-r? girift. 9. nazar-i shum? bad n?st; val? b?yad b? hamih s?kht. 10. bibakhsh?d durust nafahm?dam chih guft?d.
 
 

(b) Translate into Persian.

1. Why didn't she go the same day? 2. I think she was busy. 3. He said they dismissed her because they couldn't put up with her. 4. Didn't you talk with your friend about her job? 5. Yes, just today I talked to him. 6. What was his opinion? 7. In his opinion she should either work or go to the university. 8. Do you think it's a good idea? What is your view? 9. In my view both studying and working are good. 10. What are you going to tell her when you see her? 11. I'm going to tell her that neither studying nor working is good. 12. You're joking. I should stop both you and your friend. 13. Please forgive us this time for her sake! 14. Will you forgive me if I tell you I've spoken to her? 15. Not to change the subject...I'm going to go to Canada in January or February. 16. What a coincidence! I'll be there in March or April. I like Canada but I'm not fond of rain and snow. 17. Do you plan to take your wife and your children? 18. Of course, but since my wife does not like cold weather, she will come in May or June. 19. What about the children? 20. My son is going to be there in July or August, my elder daughter in September, and the younger one in October. 21. But how long do you want to stay there? 22. Believe it or not, I wanted to stay in Canada from November of this year to the December of the next year, but as you see, it wasn't possible.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Fifteen]

(c) Write out the following dialogue in formal form and translate.

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.
 
 
 

1. muf?d	useful
2. p?r	old [for animate objects]
3. shikastih	broken, cursive, broken down
4. s?lkhuwrdih	aged, grown old, experienced
5. ?ft?b	sun[shine]
6.‘umr	life [time]
7. ghurub	sunset
8. ghurub kardan	to set, to decline
9. bagh	garden, yard
10. dirakht	tree
11. kashtan	to plant, to sow
12. aya?	whether?
13. farq kardan	to make a difference
14. rahguzar	passerby, wayfarer
15. samar	fruit, result, profit, reward
16. aqallan (aqalla")	at least
17. zindih	alive
18. zindigi	lifetime, life
19. khandidan	to laugh, to smile
20. javab	answer
21. javab dadan	to reply, to answer
22. farq	difference
23. digaran [pl. of digar]	others
24. bih samar risidan	to bear fruit, to reach maturity
25. mivih	fruit
26. murdan	to die
27. adam	human, mankind
28. jumlih	sentence
29. zindigi kardan	to live

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Sixteen]:

(a) Translate into English.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Sixteen]:

There are many proverbs, sayings, maxims, and short stories which have become commonly recognized as a part of the true and familiar experience among the Persian speaking people. In this lesson we will learn a few of them. In reading these proverbs we have to bear in mind that most of the time the literal, word-for-word translation may not convey the messages embedded in these short sayings.

Write out and memorize:
 

1. harf	conversation, talk, speech, word
2. bala	above, up, high, superior, upper
3. bisyar	many, numerous, much, very
4. dushman	enemy, a foe
4. dana	learned, wise, knowledgable
5. na-dan	ignorant, silly, foolish, stupid
4. ‘alim	learned, scientist, a sage
5. ‘amal	action, a deed, an act
6. zanbur	a bee, a wasp
7. ‘asal	honey
8. tavangari	riches, wealth
9. hunar	art, knowledge, profession, talent
10. mal	affluence, property
11. buzurgi	greatness, renown

(b) Translate the following proverbs:

(c) Translate and write a symplified story:

I. SUMMARY OF VERB CONJUGATION--The verb zadan as an example
 

1. Infinitive zadan to strike, hit, beat, put

2. Present Stem zan ---

3. Past Stem zad he/she/it struck, hit, beat, put
4. Present Tense mizanam I strike, will strike
5. Past Tense zadam I struck
6. Future khwaham zad I will strike
7. Imperative bizan Strike!
8. Present Subjunctive/ kih/agar bizanam that/if I may/might strike

Conditional

9. Past Subjunctive/ kih/agar zadih basham that/if I may have struck

Conditional

10. Present Continuous daram mizanam I am striking
11. Past Continuous dashtam mizadam I was striking
12. Imperfect mizadam I was striking/used to strike

I had been striking

13. Present Perfect zadih am I have struck/I have been striking
14. Past Perfect zadih budam I had struck

(Pluperfect)

15. Passive zadih shudam I was struck
16. Past Participle zadih stricken

II. KHUWD, KHWISH, KHWISHTAN

A. The particle          khuwd (             khwish            khwishtan) is used in place of the Possessive Adjective or Personal Pronoun particularly when the Personal Pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence. Thus instead of

1. pul-i man-ra bih u dadam,
'I gave my money to him.' we have to use
pul-i khuwd-ra bih u dadam,
and instead of
2. qalam-i u-ra bih man dad,
'She gave her pen to me.' we have to use
qalam-i khuwd-ra bih man dad.

B. As an emphatic particle      khuwd (but not       khwish and           khwishtan) is used with the pronominal suffixes -am, -at, -ash, -iman, -itan, -ishan, e.g.                    man khuwdam didam, 'I myself saw (it/him/her).'

C. Khuwd + Pronominal Suffix + ra is used when the subject takes an action reflecting upon himself, e.g. u khuwdash ra kusht, 'He killed himself.' Sometimes, particularly in written form, the Pronominal Suffix is omitted in the 3rd person singular: khuwd ra zad, 'He hit himself.'
 
 

III. THE SUFFIX 'i'

The suffix     i can express 'a', 'an', 'some', 'any' as follows:

1. Added to a noun:

dirakht, 'the tree';          dirakhti, 'a/some/any tree'

2. Added to a noun with qualifying adjective:

mard-i khubi, 'some/a good man'

3. Added to the noun and not to the adjective:

mardi khub, 'a good man' (which is not often used in conversation)

4. Added to a noun qualified by        chih, 'what?':

aya rafti, 'Did you go?'

B. aya might be translated as 'Is it that...?' as in: . aya musafir gum shudih ast? 'Is the traveler lost?'or as in: aya mariz ast? 'Is he ill?'

V. PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS

1. atraf-i (pl. of taraf) around, from the direction of, sides of, environs of, extreme parts of, ends of, limits of, tips of

2. az from, than, of, over, through, by, in, out of,

because of, made of, by way of, belonging to

3. ba with, possessed of, endowed with

4. bala-yi above

5. bar with, of, from, over, about, for, on, upon

6. muqabil-i,

ru-bi-ru-yi opposite from

barabar-i,

musavi-yi equal to

7. barayi, bahr-i ,

bikhatir-i for, because of, for the sake of, on the account of, in order to

8. biyn-i, miyan-i between, the distance between, in between, in

the middle of

9. bi, bidun-i without

10. bih to, into, in, at, with, on, upon, for, as, from, of, according to
 
 

V. PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS [continued]

11. bija-yi, ja-yi in place of, instead of

12. bijuz, ghiyr az, juz except, besides, apart from

13. birun-i, kharij-i outside of, out of

14. bivasilih-yi by means of, through, by the instrumentality of

15. bivasitih-yi by the medium of

16. dakhil-i inside of, in

17. dam-i, lab-i, pa-yi at, on the edge (brim) of, at the foot of

18. dar in, into, at, as, by

19. dunbal-i, piy-i ,

pusht-i behind, after, at the back of, trace of, in pursuit of

20. duwr-i (gird-i.) around, about, round, around

21. hamrah-i with, together with, along with, in company with

22. jiluw-yi, pish-i.

(nazd-i) in front of, before, next to, in front of, beside, with, in the presence of

23. kinar-i, pahlu-yi by the side of, beside, verse of, edge of

24. magar except, but

25. nazdik-i near

26. payin-i below

27. ru-yi on, on top of, after

28. sar-i on, over, at

29. su-yi toward

30. ta up to, to, as far as

V. PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS [continued]

31. taraf-i toward, in the direction of, about

32. tu-yi in, into, inside of

33. zidd-i against

34. zir-i under

EXERCISES - Using the above prepositions fill in the blanks below, write out and translate your sentences.

VI. VERBS - LESSONS ONE THROUGH SIXTEEN

A.Infinitive Present Stem(s) Imperative

1. kardan kun bikun, bikunin (bikunid)
2. farmudan farma (farmay) bifarma, bifarmayin (bifarmayid)
3. dadan d, dah (dih) bidih, bidin (bidahid)
4. budan hast (bash) bash, bashin (bashid, bibashid)
5. bakhshidan bakhsh bibakhsh, bibakhshin (bibakhshid)
6. danistan dun (dan) bidun, bidunin (bidanid)
7. fahmidan fahm bifahm, bifahmin (bifahmid)
8. guftan g (guy) bigu or bugu, bigin (biguyid)
9. raftan r (rav) buruw, biravin (biravid)
10. dashtan dar dashtih bash, dashtih bashin

(dashtih bashid/bidarid)

11. shudan sh (shav) bishaw, bishin (bishavid)
12. khuwrdan khuwr bukhuwr, bikhuwrin (bikhuwrid)
13. zadan zan bizan, bizanin (bizanid)
14. rikhtan riz biriz, birizin (birizid)
15. baridan bar bibar, bibarin (bibarid)
16. bayastan bas (bayast) -----------------------------------
17. busidan bus bibus, bibusin (bibusid)
18. dir kardan dir kun dir kun, dir kunin (dir kunid)
19. guzashtan zar (guzar) bizar, bizarin (biguzar, biguzarid)
20. javab dadan javab d, dah (dih) javab bidih, javab bidin (javab bidahid)
21. mandan mun (man) bimun, bimunin (bimanid)
22. nivishtan nivis binivis, binivisin (binivisid)
23. pushidan push bipush, bipushin (bipushid)

A.Infinitive Present Stem(s) Imperative

24. rast guftan rast g (guy) rast bigu, rast bigin (rast biguyid)

25. risidan ris (ras) biris, birisin (birasid)
26. sakhtan saz bisaz, bisazin (bisazid)
27. salam risandan salam risan s. birisan, salam birisanin (salam birisanid)
28. shinakhtan shnas (shinas) bishnas, bishnasin (bishinasid)
29. giriftan gir bigir, bigirin (bigirid)
30. kashtan kar bikar, bikarin (bikarid)
31. avardan ar (avar) biyar, biyarin (biyavarid)
32. khandidan khand bikhand, bikhandin (bikhandid)
33. guzashtan guzar biguzar, biguzarin (biguzarid)
34. kashidan kish (kash) bikish, bikishin (bikashid)

35. dir amadan dir a (ay) dir biya, dir biyayin (dir biyayid)
36. birun kardan birun kun birun kun, birun kunin (birun kunid)
37. khuwsh amadan khuwsh a (ay) kh. biya, khuwsh biyayn (khuwsh biyayid)
38. kam shudan kam sh (shav) kam bishaw, kam bishin, (kam bishavid)
39. dust dashtan dust dar dust dashtih bash, dust dashtih bashin, (dust dashtih bashid/ dust bidarid)
40. burdan bar bibar, bibarin (bibarid)

41. ishtibah kardan ishtibah kun isht. kun, ishtibah kunin (ishtibah kunid)
42.‘avaz kardan ‘avaz kun ‘avaz kun, ‘avaz kunin (‘avaz kunid)
43. da‘vat kardan da‘vat kun da‘vat kun, da‘vat kunin (da‘vat kunid)
44. kharidan khar bikhar, bikharin (bikharid)
45. nishan dadan nishan d (dih, dah) nishan bidih, nishan bidin (nishan bidahid)
46. didan bin bibin, bibinin (bibinid)

47. amadan a (ay) biya, biyayn (biyayid)
48. gush dadan gush d (dih, dah) gush bidih, gush bidin (gush bidahid)
49. khwastan khwa (khwah) bikhwah, bikhwayn (bikhwahid)
50. uftadan uft biyuft, biyuftin (biyuftid)

VII. EXERCISES, A. Transliterate and Translate:

VII. EXERCISES, B. Substitutive Exercises:

Write five different sentences, using some of the vocabulary listed below. Then, by substituting other words for those chosen from the list, write variations of each of the five original sentences.

1. Words to be used in sentences:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2. Verbs to be used in sentences:

VIII. NOTES AND REMARKS: