LESSON SIX: How do you feel today?

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Six]

1. hâlam zîyâd khûb nîst. 2. chirâ? chî shudih? 3. saram dard mîkunih. 4. shâyad sarmâ khuwrdî. 5. fikr nimîkunam sarmâ khuwrdih bâsham. 6. chitawrih birî pîsh-i duktur? 7. hamîn yih sâ‘at-i pîsh pîsh-i duktur bûdam. 8. duktur chî guft? 9. guft istirâhat kunam. 10. pas istirâhat kun; hâlit (hâl-itân) kih bihtar shud biman tilifun kun (bikunîd).

1. I have a backache. 2. Perhaps you have caught a cold. 3. No, I don't have a cold. 4. Do you have a headache? 5. Just a little (bit). 6. Did you go to the doctor? 7. Yes, I was there an hour ago. 8. Didn't he say 'rest'? 9. Yes. 10. Then you rest; I’ll call you tomorrow.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LESSON SEVEN: Where are you from?

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Seven]

1. bibakhshîn, shumâ kujâyî hastîn (hastîd)? 2. man îrânîyam. 3. shumâm (shumâ ham) îrânî hastîn? 4. nah, man îrânî nîstam, imrîkâ’îyam. 5. fârsî-ruw kujâ yâd giriftîn? 6. tû imrîkâ. 7. khaylî khûb suhbat mîkunîn. 8. shukhî mîkunîn. 9. nah, bâvar kunîn; jiddî mîgam. 10. în az lutf-i shumâst (shumâ ast).

1. Excuse me, are you Italian? 2. No, I am not Italian, I am German. 3. How about you? 4. I am Egyptian. 5. Where did you learn English? 6. I was in England. 7. You speak English well. 8. You are joking. 9. No, I am not joking; I mean it. 10. Thank you. That is very nice of you (this is from your kindness).

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LESSON EIGHT: How is the weather over there?

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Eight]

1. misl-i înkih dârih bârûn mîyâd. 2. nah zîyâd. 3. bizâr chatrâmûnuw bar-dârîm! 4. bad fikrî nîst. 5. Bâbak kû? 6. bâ Kâvast (kâvih ast). 7. ûnâ kujân? 8. tû khîyâbûn vâstâdan (îstâdand) muntazir-i mân (mâ-and/mâ hastand). 9. nabâyad mîzâshtîm muntazir-i mâ bimûnan. 10. ‘iyb nadârih ûnâ mâruw khûb mîshnâsan!!

11. khûb shud bâ ûnâ âshnâ shudîm.

1. It seems as if it is not raining. 2. Let's take our umbrellas. 3. It is not a bad idea. 4. Where is Kâvih? 5. He was with Bâbak. 6. I think they are waiting for us. 7. Where are they waiting for us? 8. They are waiting for us on the street. 9. We shouldn't have let them wait for us on the street. 10. That is all right. They know us pretty well. 11. It was good that we got to know them.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LESSON NINE: What do you study?

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Nine]

1. dîrûz az îrân yik nâmih dâshtam. 2. az kî? 3. az barâdaram. 4. chî nivishtih bûd? 5. nivishtih bûd kih mîkhwâd bîyâd imrîkâ. 6. barâyi chî mîkhwâd bîyâd imrîkâ? 7. barâyi tahsîl. 8. chî mîkhwâd bikhûnih? 9. muhandisî-yi barq. 10. chih tasâdufî, rishtih-yi manam muhandisî-yi barqih.

1. I got (had) a letter from my brother. 2. When? 3. Yesterday. 4. From where? 5. From Egypt. 6. What has he written? 7. He wrote to me 'I want to come to America'. 8. What does he want to do in America? 9. He wants to study. 10. In what field? 11. Electrical Engineering. 12. What a coincidence! I want to study Electrical Engineering, too.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10.

11

LESSON TEN: Happy New Year!

I. VOCABULARY -- WRITE IN PERSIAN SCRIPT.

II. EXERCISES [Lesson Ten]

1.‘iyd-i shumâ mubârak! 2. kudûm‘iyd? 3.‘iyd-i nuw-rûz. 4. 'nuw-rûz' chîyih? 5. rûz-i avval-i sâl-i nuw-yi îrânîyâs (îrânîhâ ast). 6. magih îrûnîyâ în ‘iyd-uw chan rûz jashn mîgîran? 7. sîzdah rûz, az bîst-uw yikum-i mârs tâ duvvum-i âvrîl. 8. tû în sîzdah rûz mardum chikar mîkunan? 9. libâs-i nuw mîpûshan; mîran dîdan-i dûstâ-uw âshnâhâ-uw qawm-i khwîshâ; hamdîgaruw mîbûsan-uw bih bachchih-hâ ‘iydî mîdan. 10. umîdvâram sâl-i nuw bih shumâ mubârak bâshih.

1. Happy New Year to you (Nuwrûz be blessed for you). 2. What is 'Nuwrûz'? 3. 'Nuwrûz' is the Iranian New Year festival. 4. Is nuwrûz the first day of the year? 5. Yes, it is both the first day of the year and the first day of the celebration. 6. But isn't the New Year celebration one day only? 7. No, the Iranians celebrate nuwrûz from the 21st of March to the 2nd of April. 8. What do the people do during these thirteen days? 9. They put on new clothing, they go to visit their friends and relatives, and they give New Year gifts to the children. 10. Do they kiss each other or not? 11. Yes, they do. 12. I hope (I am hopeful that) the New Year will be blessed for you.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Auxiliary or modal verbs are the helping verbs which change meaning and add dimensions to the main verbs in different sentences while expressing:

1. ability by using 'can', 'could', or 'be able to' as in:

a) mîtûnî bih fârsî bigîsh? 'Can you say it in Persian?'

b) pidaram nimîtûnist pîyânuw bizanih. 'My father couldn't play piano.'

c) shâyad natûnam fârdâ bîyâm. 'I might not be able to come tomorrow.',

2. advisability by using 'should' or 'ought to' as in:

a) nabâyad inqadar sîgâr bikishîd. 'You shouldn't smoke so much (cigarette).'

b) kitâb-i khûbîyih. bâyad bikhûnîsh. 'It's a good book. You ought to read it.'

3. desire and doubt by using ‘want’ and ‘think’ as in:

a) mîkhwâm khwush bâsham, ‘I want to be happy.’

b) fikr nimîkunam durust bâshih, ‘I don’t think it is true.’

4. necessity by using 'must' or 'have to' as in:

a) bâyad sar-i sâ‘at ûnjâ bâsham. 'I have to be there on time.'

b) bâyad biram. 'I must go.'

We also use bâyad, 'must' to say we are sure that something is true; e.g. shumâ khiylî râh raftîd. bâyad khâstih bâshîd. 'You walked a lot. You must be tired.

5. possibility by using 'may' or 'might'

a) shâyad sâl-i digih bih îrân birîm. 'We may go to Iran next year.'

b) shâyad mam (mâ ham) birîm. 'We might be going too.'

II. PAST PERFECT (PLUPERFECT)
The past perfect tense is formed by the past participle (past stem + ih) followed by the simple past (preterite) of the verb bûdan, 'to be'. For example if we take the verb nivishtan, 'to write' its cojugation will be as follows:

1. âmadan, 'to come'

2. guzâshtan, 'to let, to allow, to permit, to put'

3. khwâstan, 'to want, to wish, to desire, to ask (for), to demand, to attempt, to plan to'

4. bar dâshtan, ' 'to take, to pich up'

5. risîdan, 'to arrive, to reach, to come, to ripen, to mature'

6. shikastan, 'to break, to crack, to snap, to fracture, to shatter'

7. shinâkhtan, 'to recognize, to be familiar (with), to know, to acknowledge

8. muntazir shudan, 'to wait'

9. yâd dâdan, 'to teach'

10. sharh dâdan, 'to describe, to explaine'

In the present perfect which is also formed by appending the past stem of the main verb with '-ih', the word bud is omitted. Thus we have a rule: past stem of the main verb + ih + personal ending. Thus the verb nivishtan, 'to write', will be conjugated as:

Affimative

Negative

In spoken Persian simple past tense expresses present perfect tense with the exception of the third person singular which becomes.................... khuwrdih. Thus............................... shâm khuwrdam depending on the context, may mean 'I ate dinner' or 'I have eaten dinner.'

1. dars khwândan, 'to study'

2. jiddî guftan, 'to mean, to say earnestly'

3. muntazir mândan, 'to wait, to stand-by, to remain(waiting), looking out for'

4. sarmâ khwurdan, 'to catch cold'

5. yâd giriftan, 'to learn, to acquire(knowledge), to study'

In spoken Persian, the continuous tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb dâshtan, 'to have,' e. g. for the verb............. raftan, 'to go' we have..................... dâram mîram, 'I am going' ..................dârî mîrî, 'you're going,' ....................dârih mîrih, 'he/she/it is going', ...................dârîm mîrîm, ' we are going',.......................dârîn mîrîn,' you are going',.....................dârand mîran, 'they are going'.

Notice that both verbs are conjugated and they cannot be negated. To negate them we use the simple present tense as follows:

..................nimîram,................nimîrî,................nimîrih,......................

nimîrîm,..................nimîrîn, ..................nimîran..

The past continuous tenses of the above verbs are ......................dâshtam mîraftam, 'I was going'; .........................dâshtî mîraftî, 'you were going',..............................dâsht mîraft, ''he/she/it was going',..........................dâshtîm mîraftîm,' 'we were going', ...................... dâshtîn mîraftîn, 'you were going',............................. dâshtan mîraftan, 'they were going' for which the negatives will be:.....................nimîraftam, 'I was not going'.....................nimîraftî, 'you were not going,.....................nimîraft, 'he/she/it was not going',....................nimîraftîm, 'we were not going,........................nimîraftîn, 'you were not going',..........................nimîraftan, 'they were not going'.

The imperfect past is used to express a continuous or habitual action that was occuring in the past; and is formed by mî + past stem + personal ending, e.g. .....................................................................................vaqtî bachchih bûdam tû yik furûshgâh kâr mîkardam, 'I used to work in a department store when I was a child.'

1. âshnâ shudan, ‘to get acquainted, to be introduced’

2. bâvar kardan, ' to believe'

3. gûsh dâdan, ‘to listen’

4. gûsh kardan, 'to listen'

5. fikr kardan, 'to think'

Elision and vowel change are two elements of colloquial pronunciation. Let’s study the following examples:

Write the following sentences in written form and translate:

Infinitive Present Stem(s) Imperative