objects/new-type-of-science.html
link to two types of science
used in biology and chemistry
hypothesis testing cycle (information, hypothesized explanation, test, modify, repeat)
value free
high threshold for claims (such as a 95% confidence interval for data) to avoid claims that turn out to be false
current "truths" are supposed to be used as foundations for subsequent discoveries and learning - static and eternal truth
(these may be different, but are very similar for out purposes now)
problem identification from the very beginning includes multiple perspectives and values that go along with those views
most of the problems that are address are "wicked" problems (problems types)
identify questions that can be addressed:
using scientific method on a daily or experimental design level
that will help decrease the uncertainty about the system with regard to restoration or management
(see Claudia Pahl-Wostl 1998- Table for Advanced Science, science may have to describe the indeterminate factors of the problem, i.e. what we can't know or predict)
provide help choosing paths that may include using indicators of impact at a much lower level of confidence in the "truth" of the data, this goes along with the precautionary principle
may require assessing the cost-effectiveness of the proposed solutions, using tests such as safe minimum standard (see Norton 2005 pg 346)
"safe-minimum standard" (SMS) - "Save the resource, provided the costs of doing so are bearable"
employ state of the art technology and analysis, but this may increase uncertainty
(new technologies can create a large increase in uncertainty)
use a language based in science to share with a broader range of colleagues including other scientists, managers, practioners and involved citizens