H. Kozima,

“Six Sketches on Complexity and Wavefunctions in the Cold Fusion Phenomenon”

J. New Energy 7-2 (2007) (to be published)

1. Introduction

Since the discovery of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) by Fleischmann et al. in 1989, hundreds of experimental data sets have been accumulated both in transition-metal hydrides and deuterides. The data range widely from the emission of neutron, gamma rays and charged particles to nuclear transmutations generating almost all elements in the periodic table. Excess energy accompany each event. We have to construct a science of the CFP, as H. Poincaré said a hundred years ago: Science is build up of facts, as a house is built of stones; but an accumulation of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house [1].

To have a unified point of view for these diverse and complicated experimental data sets, we have developed a phenomenological model (the TNCF model) at first and then the neutron drop model (ND model). These works were published in papers and also in two books [2, 3] and a review paper [4]. Some quantum mechanical investigations on the bases of premises assumed in these models were also performed in recent works [3 – 5].

After publication of the recent book [3], we have further developed the idea of complexity in several phases of the CFP. According to I. Prigogine, almost all CF systems satisfy the sufficient conditions for the occurrence of complexity which is common in any nonintegrable system with Poincaré resonances (both in classical and quantum). That is, they are open, non-equilibrium (far-from-equilibrium), many body systems with non-linear interactions between components [6]. In addition to this general nature of CF systems, we have many experimental data sets in CFP that show characteristics of complexity. Most outstanding examples of them are the two laws we have found, i.e. (1) the inverse-power law of N(P_ex) vs. P_ex relation, where N(P_ex) is the number of events producing excess power P_ex ([2] §2.12) and (2) the stability effect in the yield of product elements by the nuclear transmutation ([3] §2.11). We will point out here a third law, (3) the bifurcation of the CFP in occurrence of excess energy and nuclear transmutation reactions. Several features of the CFP related with these laws, especially the third law, are qualitatively depicted in the Sketches presented in this paper.

The six sketches presented in this paper show a new approach to the CFP from our point of view. This approach developed as an extension of our former research. In these sketches (or short notes), we discuss qualitatively rather complicated problems in the CFP. These problems are difficult to treat quantitatively. The complexity, including self-organization and chaos, is a science without certainty and necessarily qualitative, as I. Prigogine declared [6]. Accordingly, the sketches given in this paper have characteristics inherited from complexity itself. We would like to ask the reader’s understanding on this point.

The six sketches are presented as follows;

[Sketch 1] Why the Irreproducibility is Prominent and Remarkable in CFP?

[Sketch 2] Explosions show Complexity in CFP Experiments

[Sketch 3] Analysis of Data Sets obtained by Dash et al. in Low Energy Nuclear Laboratory (LENL), PSU in 2006 – 2007

[Sketch 4] Analysis of Experimental Data Sets with Ni Thin Films deposited on Plastic Plates

[Sketch 5] Neutron Wavefunctions Extended Out from Nuclear Surface

[Sketch 6] Proton/Deuteron Wavefunctions in Interstices of fcc/hcp Transition Metals

This work is supported by a grant from the New York Community Trust.

References

1. H. Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, (translated by W.J.G. in 1905) Chapter IX, p. 141, Dover, NY, 1952. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 53-13673.

2. H. Kozima, Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon, Ohtake Shuppan, Tokyo, 1998. ISBN: 4-87186-044-2.

3. H. Kozima, The Science of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon, Elsevier Science, 2006. ISBN-10: 0-08-045110-1.

4. H. Kozima, “Quantum Physics of Cold Fusion Phenomenon,” in Developments in Quantum Physics, ed. V. Krasnoholovets and F. Columbus, Nova Science, N.Y., 2004. ISBN: 1-59454-003-9.

5. H. Kozima, “Anomalous Nuclear Reactions and Atomic Processes in Transition-Metal Hydrides and Deuterides,” J. New Energy, in this issue.

6. I. Prigogine, The End of Certainty, The Free Press, New York, 1996. ISBN 0-684-83705-6.