# Physics 203 at Portland State 2014

### Sidebar

exam_1_review

**This is an old revision of the document!** ----

A PCRE internal error occured. This might be caused by a faulty plugin

======Exam 1 review====== The following questions and problems are courtesy of Justin Dunlap =====Practice Questions, Apr.17 Lecture===== //MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. // ====Review question 1==== Which of the following are characteristics of a mass in simple harmonic motion? - The motion repeats at regular intervals. - The motion is sinusoidal. - The restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. * [....] A) 1 and 3 only * [....] B) 2 and 3 only * [....] C) 1 and 2 only * [ <color green>X</color> ] D) all of the above * [....] E) none of the above <color green>All of 1-3 are true and follow the definition (p. 417 in the text) of simple harmonic motion.</color> ---- ====Review question 2==== If the amplitude of the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator is doubled, by what factor does the frequency of the oscillator change? * [....] A) 2 * [ <color green>X</color> ] B) 1 * [....] C) 4 * [....] D) $\frac{1}{4}$ * [....] E) $\frac{1}{2}$ <color green>The new motion of the same oscillator system (assuming the same mass and the same spring constant, for example, or the same length and the same //g//) has the same frequency as the old one: $\;f_\text{new}=f_\text{old}\times 1\;$, therefore the answer is 1.</color> ---- ====Review question 3==== If your heart is beating at 76.0 beats per minute, what is the frequency of your heart's oscillations? * [....] A) 2.54 Hz * [....] B) 4560 Hz * [....] C) 3.98 Hz * [ <color green>X</color> ] D) 1.27 Hz * [....] E) 1450 Hz <color green>The frequency in Hertz is the same as the number of cycles (beats) per second, 1/60<sup>th</sup> of the beats per minute (since 1 min = 60 s):</color> * <color green>$f_\text{BPS}=\frac{76.0}{60}$= 1.27 Hz</color> ---- ====Review question 4==== A mass of 1.53 kg is attached to a spring and the system is undergoing simple harmonic oscillations with a frequency of 1.95 Hz and an amplitude of 7.50 cm. What is the total mechanical energy of the system? * [....] A) 0.955 J * [....] B) 0.633 J * [ <color green>X</color> ] C) 0.646 J * [....] D) 0.844 J * [....] E) 0 J - <color green>Maximum value of potential energy of a mass on a spring:</color> * <color green>$U_\text{pot max}= \frac{1}{2}kx_\text{max}^2=E$, where $E$ is the total energy of the system. Note, when $U_\text{pot}$ is maximized, $U_\text{kin}\!=\!0$</color> * <color green>$x_\text{max}= 0.075\,$m</color> * <color green>$m=1.53\,$kg</color> - <color green>Find //k// from the known frequency $f$, mass //m// and the spring constant //k//:</color> * <color green>$f=\frac{\omega}{2\pi}$ $= \frac{1}{2\pi}\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$ $=1.95\,$Hz</color> * <color green>$f^2$ $= \frac{1}{4\pi^2}\!\cdot\!\frac{k}{m}$</color> * <color green>$k =4\pi^2f^2m$ $=4\!\cdot\!(3.14159)^2\!\cdot\!(1.95\,{\text{Hz}})^2\!\cdot\!1.53\,{\text{kg}}$ $\approx 230\frac{\text N}{\text m}$</color> - <color green>Plug this value of //k// into $E$:</color> * <color green>$E=\frac{1}{2}\big(4\pi^2f^2m\big)x_\text{max}^2$</color> * <color green>$E=\frac{1}{2}\!\cdot\!230\frac{\text N}{\text m}\!\cdot\!(0.075\,{\text{m}})^2$ = 0.646 J</color> ---- ====Review question 5==== A wave pulse traveling to the right along a thin cord reaches a discontinuity where the rope becomes thicker and heavier. What is the orientation of the reflected and transmitted pulses? * [....] A) The reflected pulse returns right side up while the transmitted pulse is inverted. * [....] B) Both are inverted. * [....] C) Both are right side up. * [ <color green>X</color> ] D) The reflected pulse returns inverted while the transmitted pulse is right side up. * [....] E) It is impossible to predict. <color green>This is because a tight end would cause an inverted reflection and an open end would cause a right-side-up reflection. The transition to a heavier rope, in this example, is closer to the "tight end" condition: an infinitely heavy rope would be equivalent to the perfectly tight end. Therefore, the reflection will be inverted. The transmitted pulse is right-side-up in any case, because of vertical momentum conservation.</color> ---- ====Review question 6==== By what amount does the intensity level decrease when you triple your distance from a source of sound? * [....] A) 12 dB * [....] B) 4.8 dB * [....] C) 3.0 dB * [ <color green>X</color> ] D) 9.5 dB * [....] E) 6.0 dB - <color green> In our 3-dimensional world, the energy of sound spreads out over the surface area of an expanding spherical wave-front, and therefore the intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.</color> * <color green>$I_2=\frac{1}{3^2}I_1$ $=\frac{I_1}{9}$</color> - <color green> The reduction in the intensity</color> <color red>level</color> <color green>is given by:</color> * <color green>$-\Delta\beta$ $=\beta_1-\beta_2$ $=10\log\frac{I_1}{I_\text{t.h.}}-10\log\frac{I_2}{I_\text{t.h.}}$ $=10\left(\log\frac{I_1}{I_\text{t.h.}}-\log\frac{I_2}{I_\text{t.h.}}\right)$ $=10\log\frac{\big(\frac{I_1}{I_\text{t.h.}}\big)}{\big(\frac{I_2}{I_\text{t.h.}}\big)}$ $=10\log\frac{I_1}{I_2}$ $=10\cdot\log 9$ $\approx 9.5\,$dB</color> * <color red>Make sure you can do this on your calculator (without confusing the decimal "log", sometimes denoted "lg", with the natural one "ln")</color> * <color green>Note that the reference "threshold of hearing" intensity $I_\text{t.h.}=10^{-12}\frac{\text W}{\,{\text m}^2}\;$ drops out from this calculation and is not necessary.</color> ---- ====Review question 7==== An open pipe of length $L$ is resonating at its fundamental frequency. Which statement is correct? * [....] A) The wavelength is $2L$ and there is a displacement antinode at the pipe's midpoint. * [....] B) The wavelength is $\frac{3}{2}\!L$ and there are two displacement antinodes located inside the pipe. * [....] C) The wavelength is $L$ and there is a displacement node at the pipe's midpoint. * [....] D) The wavelength is $L$ and there is a displacement antinode at the pipe's midpoint. * [ <color green>X</color> ] E) The wavelength is $2L$ and there is a displacement node at the pipe's midpoint. ---- ====Review question 8==== A factory siren indicating the end of a shift has a frequency of 80 Hz. What frequency is perceived by the occupant of a car traveling away from the factory at 30 m/s? The speed of sound in air is 343 m/s. * [...] A) 75 Hz * [...] B) 81 Hz * [...] C) 77 Hz * [ <color green>X</color> ] D) 73 Hz * [...] E) 79 Hz ---- ====Review question 9==== A fisherman fishing from a pier observes that the float on his line bobs up and down, taking 2.4 s to move from its highest to its lowest point. He also estimates that the distance between adjacent wave crests is 48 m. What is the speed of the waves going past the pier? * [ <color green>X</color> ] A) 10 m/s * [...] B) 5.0 m/s * [...] C) 20 m/s * [...] D) 115 m/s * [...] E) 1.0 m/s ---- {{ :figs:ex1rev1.png?nolink|}} ====Review question 10==== For an $xyz$-coordinate system shown to the right, if the //E//-vector is in the $+z$ direction, and the //B//-vector is in the $+x$ direction, what is the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic waves? * [ <color green>X</color> ] A) $+y$ * [...] B) $+x$ * [...] C) $+z$ * [...] D) $-x$ * [...] E) $-y$ ---- ====Review question 11==== The energy density of an electromagnetic wave is * [....] A) entirely in the magnetic field. * [....] B) 1/4 in the electric field and 3/4 in the magnetic field. * [....] C) 1/4 in the magnetic field and 3/4 in the electric field. * [....] D) entirely in the electric field. * [ <color green>X</color> ] E) equally divided between the magnetic and the electric fields. <color green>At any moment in time and in any point in space, electromagnetic radiation's energy density is always distributed equally between the magnetic energy density and the electric energy density components</color> ---- ====Review question 12==== Two objects are in all respects identical except for the fact that one was coated with a substance that is an excellent reflector of light while the other was coated with a substance that is a perfect absorber of light. You place both objects at the same distance from a powerful light source so they both receive the same amount of energy //U// from the light. The linear momentum these objects will receive is such that: * [...] A) The reflecting object receives a smaller amount of momentum. * [...] B) Both objects receive the same amount of momentum. * [ <color green>X</color> ] C) The reflecting objects receives a larger amount of momentum. * [...] D) None of the previous answers is correct. <color green>Just as with a ball bouncing off of a wall, the reflective object continues this momentum and therefore allows more total system momentum than the absorbent surface at which the momentum ceases.</color> ---- ====Review question 13==== A car is approaching a radio station at a speed of 25.0 m/s. If the radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 74.5 MHz, what change in frequency does the driver observe? * [ <color green>X</color> ] A) 6.21 Hz * [...] B) 726 Hz * [...] C) 64.5 Hz * [...] D) 67.0 Hz * [...] E) 98.3 Hz ---- ====Review question 14==== A certain part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 200 nm to 400 nm. What is the highest frequency associated with this portion of the spectrum? * [ <color green>X</color> ] A) $1.50 \times 10^{15}\,$Hz * [...] B) $7.50 \times 10^{14}\,$Hz * [...] C) $7.50 \times 10^{15}\,$Hz * [...] D) $7.50 \times 10^{13}\,$Hz * [...] E) $1.50 \times 10^{14}\,$Hz ---- ====Review question 15==== Which one of the following is the correct order of the electromagnetic spectrum from low to high frequencies? * [ <color green>X</color> ] A) radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma rays * [...] B) radio waves, UV, X-rays, microwaves, infrared, visible, gamma rays * [...] C) radio waves, infrared, X-rays, microwaves, UV, visible, gamma rays * [...] D) radio waves, microwaves, visible, X-rays, infrared, UV, gamma rays * [...] E) radio waves, infrared, microwaves, UV, visible, X-rays, gamma rays ---- =====Practice Problems, Apr.17===== //Solve three of the four problems (cross out the one you do not want graded). Show all of your work to receive full credit, most importantly show all the formulas you used to find the final answers. No credit will be awarded if an answer is given without work shown.// ---- ====Review problem 1==== Four waves are described by the following expression where distances are measured in meters and times in seconds. - $\;\;\;y = 0.12 \cos\,(3x - 21t)$ - $\;\;\;y = 0.15 \sin\,(6x + 42t)$ - $\;\;\;y = -0.13 \cos\,(6x + 21t)$ - $\;\;\;y = -0.27 \sin\,(3x - 12t)$ - $\;\;\;y = 0.15 \sin\,(-9x - 36t)$ * a) Which of these waves travel in the $+x$ direction? (3 pts) * b) Which of these waves have the same wavelength as wave 1? (3 pts) * c) Which of these waves have the same amplitude as wave 2? (3 pts) * d) Which of these waves have the same period as wave 3? (3 pts) * e) Which of these waves have the same speed as wave 4? (3 pts) ---- ====Review problem 2==== {{ :figs:ex1rev2.jpg?nolink&189|}} A musician (Andrew Bird) used a double spinning horn speaker during a recent tour. While one horn spins toward you, the other spins away. Say the horns are emitting a frequency of 880 Hz, are spinning with an angular velocity of 2.0 rad/s, and that each horn is 1.0 m long. * a) Due to a Doppler shift, what is the greatest pitch (frequency $f$) you will hear? Will this be when the horn is spinning towards you or away from you? (Remember, $v_t = A\omega$, where $A$ is the distance from the rotation axis to the opening of the horn) (3 pts) * b) What is the lowest pitch you will hear from the speakers due to a Doppler shift? Will this be when the horn is spinning towards you or away from you? (3 pts) * c) What is the beat frequency you hear from this instrument? (3 pts) * d) At the concert your friend sitting 1 m from the speakers hears an intensity of $9.0\times 10^{-2}\frac{\text W}{\,{\text m}^2}$. What intensity do you hear sitting 10 m away from the speakers? (3 pts) * e) What is the intensity level in decibels that your friend hears? (3 pts) ---- ====Review problem 3==== Match the definitions and descriptions with the best term or phrase given below (1.5 pts each): | Resonance \\ Underdamping \\ Critical damping \\ Overdamping \\ Period \\ Frequency \\ Angular frequency \\ Wavelength \\ Simple pendulum \\ Physical pendulum \\ Transverse wave \\ Longitudinal wave \\ Linear mass density | Wave function \\ Reflections \\ Ultrasound \\ Intensity \\ Decibel \\ Doppler effect \\ Superposition \\ Constructive interference \\ Destructive interference \\ Standing wave \\ Fundamental frequency \\ 2<sup>nd</sup> Harmonic frequency \\ 3<sup>rd</sup> Harmonic frequency | Beat frequency \\ In-phase sources \\ Opposite phase sources \\ Direction of propagation of light \\ Speed of light in a vacuum \\ Microwaves \\ Radio waves \\ Infrared \\ Visible \\ Ultraviolet \\ x-rays \\ Gamma rays | - Two sources that emit crests at the same time and emit troughs at the same time. - Ninety degrees to both the electric field and the magnetic field in a moving electromagnetic wave. - Energy per unit time per unit area. - A measure of sound intensity. Increasing by about three of these units will indicate a doubling of the intensity of the sound. - When two waves combine to create a wave with an amplitude less than either of the two original waves. - A part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies just greater than those visible by humans. - A point mass on the end of a mass-less string that is allowed to swing back and forth. - A wave where the direction of the molecules is perpendicular to the direction of the wave. - The lowest frequency that can be created on a string or in a tube. - The length of time between two wave crests. ---- {{ :figs:ex1rev3.jpg?292|}} ====Review problem 4==== The air pressure variations in a sound wave cause the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to vibrate. - For a given vibration amplitude, are the maximum velocity and acceleration of the eardrum greatest for high frequency sounds or low frequency sounds? (1 pts) - Find the maximum velocity and the maximum acceleration of the eardrum for vibrations of amplitude $1.0\times 10^{-8}\,$m at a frequency of 20.0 kHz. (5 pts) - What is the period of a complete oscillation of the ear drum at this frequency? (2 pts) - Using a crude model of the eardrum as a mass (3.0 mg) on a spring, what would be the spring constant of the eardrum, assuming the resonance frequency of 20.0 kHz? (3 pts) - The ear canal (external auditory canal) can be modeled as a tube with one closed end. If the length of the ear canal is 25 mm long and the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, what is the fundamental (1<sup>st</sup> harmonic) of the ear canal? (4 pts)