The Reverse Course

I. The nature of the reverse course

A. no official policy changes

no official date, 1947? 1948?

we never make mistakes

MacArthur and Washington

demobilization of New Dealers and civilians

Generals Whitney and Willoughby

B. changes in rhetoric and goals

"democratization" to "bulwark of democracy"

"demilitarization" to "staunch ally and supplier"

"agrarian self-sufficiency" to "industrial showplace"

"reparations" to "workshop of Asia"

C. causes of the reverse course

shifting priorities, not a 180 degree change

the Cold War

Mao Zedong's victory in China, 1947-1949

McCarthyism in the U.S.

the "Japan Crowd"

prewar investors

the "China Lobby"

Newsweek, Luce Press, G.E., Kaufmann Assoc.

lobbying and the media

the U.S.S.R.'s Asia policy

what Asia policy?

the U.S.S.R. and N. Korea

eurocentrism

the anti-fascist united front

dissolution of the Comintern, 1943

cooperation and national independence

Japan's "lovable" communist party

Maoism: an alternative for non-western communists?

the Cominform, 1947

Japanese sabotage and foot-dragging

the limits of the purge

Yoshida Shigeru

II. the reverse course

A. the unchangeables

land reform

the constitution

basic legal codes

B. reinterpreting article 9

the debate on article 9, 1946

the Korean War and the National Police Laws

C. education

recentralization under the Ministry of Education [Monbusho]

from ethics courses to Cold War propaganda

Zenkyo: the teachers' union

the education purge, 1948-1950

Zenkyo membership and "being red"

JCP membership?

Marxism and Japanese scholarship

Walter Eells and the universities, 1949-1950

D. the labor movement

American and Japanese views of labor and politics

communist and socialist influence on Japanese unions

creating what you fear?

the Yomiuri-Hochi strike case

cancellation of the General Strike, Feb. 1, 1947

government employees exception, 1949

labor unions and political labor organizations

company unions

E. zaibatsu dissolution

the Mitsubishi test case

just forget the whole thing

F. The Korean War and the Red Purge, Jan.-July, 1950

just who started the Korean War?

the education purge extends

labor leaders and other political activists

the Communist party

peaceful, parliamentary revolution

Cominform demands for radicalization, Jan. 1950

increasing US/LDP pressure and harassment

Akahata, censorship and the beginning of the red purge, Jan. 1950

G. Yoshida Shigeru and the American nuclear umbrella

the San Francisco Peace Conference, Sept. 1951

AMPO: the Japan-America Defense Pact

unfinished business with the U.S.S.R.