Treaties of Trade and Friendship

I. The fall of the Tokugawa bakufu [Bakumatsu]

A. internal causes

rigid class system, castes

rise of the merchant class

samurai poverty and unemployment

National Learning [Kokugaku]

Neo-Confucianism and historical technique

Nihongi and Kojiki

Emperor and Shogun

Daimyo and samurai

B. external causes, catalysts

early Russian approaches

the Opium War, 1839-1842

Commodore Perry, 1853-1854

unequal treaties

extraterritoriality

ports and land access

tariff control

most favored nation

polling the daimyo

the Emperor speaks

the men of great determination

Satsuma, Choshu, Hizen and Tosa

sonno-joi [revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians]

National Learning and the Shogun

National Learning and the West

terrorism in Yokohama

Choshu v. England, 1862

the Satsuma army and others

Bakufu reforms

military reforms

the embassies, 1860, 1863

exchange students

the Dutch Learning [Rangaku] scholars

C. The Meiji Restoration, 1867-1868

young, frustrated aristocrats [kuge]

Emperor Meiji [Mutsuhito], 1867

from Kyoto to Tokyo [Edo], 1868

II. The Meiji Revolution, 1868-1912

A. The modernization checklist: "rich country-strong military" [fukoku-kyohei]

industrialization

education

nationalism

constitution

legal codes

modern army and navy

B. "Strong Military"

German army, British navy

from warrior class to military system

1869: ending the class system

1870: surnames for all

1871: from fiefs to provinces

1873: conscription: the blood tax

1876: sword ban and lump sum payments

C. "Rich Country"

Daimyo pensions and light industry, 1870s

government sponsored heavy industry, 1880s

Meiji reforms, merchant vassals, and Japan, Inc.

labor movement and treason

workers and the "time is money" mindset

Bank of Japan

D. Building nationalism

the national family

Shinto

Neo-Confucianism

German organ-state theory

public education

ethics classes and textbooks

the shrine in the classroom

the Imperial Rescript on Education, 1890

the Meiji Constitution, Feb. 11, 1889

a gift from the [transcendent] Emperor

Ito Hirobumi and Prussia

lack of checks and balances

unclear path to the Privy Council

the unofficial role of the Elder Statesmen [genro]

the role [?] of political parties

E. [Unasked-for] input from below

the Popular Rights Movement, 1870s

"replanting the earth" [yonaoshi] traditions

theater and propaganda

intellectuals and peasants

universal male suffrage

women, suffrage and property

draft constitutions

the rise of political parties

the Sat-Cho clique

Itagaki Taisuke and the Jiyuto, 1881

Okuma Shigenobu and the Kaishinto, 1882

Ito Hirobumi and the Teiseito, 1882

"Civilization and Enlightenment" [bunmei kaika]

the Rangaku scholars, exchange students and others

Fukuzawa Yukichi and Keio University

Nishima Joseph and Doshisha University

the rise of the press