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PROJECTS subjects.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Applied Optics
PH 464/564 ECE 594
Portland State University
Spring-2012
Dr. Andres La Rosa
Room SRTC 101
Office: SB-1-Room 30
T & Th 16:40-18:30
Ph:725-8397 andres@pdx.edu
Office Hours: T&Th:16:10
- 16:40
T&Th: 18:40 - 19:30
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Text*:
No specific
textbook is required.
Students
should be able to follow this course with
any standard Optics textbook available from the PSU Library (plus the
lecture notes.) Most of the
lecture notes will be available
online (this webpage.)
But
if you decided to purchase a
textbook for your own I would suggest: "Optics" by Eugene Hecht; 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley.
Additional
references:
Throughout
the preparation of the lecture notes, I will be using a few additional
textbook/paper references. Whenever
possible, I
will make those additional references
available at the Library-Reserved
Room. (You should be able to borrow
them.)
Reference available at the
Library Reserve Room (Circulaton Desk):
.
Feynman,
" Lectures on
Physics," Vol I, Addison
Wesley.
(Five copies
available.)
Eugene
Hecht,
"Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley.
R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, “Quantum Physics,” 2nd Ed., Wiley, 1985.
Grading:
400-level
500-level
Deadlines
Homework
20%
20%
Project
20% PP
presentation 40% PP
Presentation
Submission of
first project-draft 05-05-2012
+ write
up
+ publication-quality write
up Presentation starts on
05-12-2012
Midterm exam 30%
20%
Final
exam 30%
20%
Homeworks:
HW-1
Due April 17th, 2012
HW-2
Due April 19th,
2012
About
the Project
PH-400
level
Power point presentation + write-up report.
PH-500 level Power
point presentation + scientific publication quality report.
Choose a
theme from the list provided below.
Work
out the details of a scientific paper you select
Electronic
submission of both a) power point
presentation and b) write up report are required
List of projects:
See suggested listbelow
Evaluation:
A
100-96, A-
95-91, B+
90-86, B
85-81, B- 80-76,
C+
75-71, C
70-66, C-
65-61.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
L E C
T U R E
N O T E S
LECTURE-1 LIGHT: WAVE or
PARTICLE?
1.1
What
is Light, a
wave or a particle?
Light as a particle (Newton). Light as
a wave (Huygens, Maxwell.)
References
Eugene Hecht,
"Optics" by
Eugene
Hecht;
4thEdition, Addison
Wesley. Chapter-1.
LECTURE-2 ELEMENTARY
DESCRIPTION of
WAVES
2.1 Description
of Waves: The wave equation
Travelling waves, the wave equation, harmonic waves
2.2
Description
of waves in complex variable (phasors)
2.2.A
Complex
numbers
Addition,
multiplication, reciprocal
number
The Euler’s
representation
2.2.B
Representation of
traveling harmonic waves
in complex variable: Phasors
The concept of phasors.
Phasors are complex numbers
(they are not vectors)
Addition of (real) waves
using phasors. Waves as the
real
components of phasors.
Graphic interpretation
Example:
Adding waves of the same
frequency and wavelength
2.2.C
Analogy
between "electronic excitations in an atom" and the "motion of a
mechanically forced hamonic oscillator"
Solvin a problem in complex variable
2.3 Plane
waves
2.4
Wave
Propagation: Phase velocity and Group Velocity
Plane Waves
and Phase velocity,
a traveling wavepacket and its group velocity
Case:
Wavepacket composed of two harmonic
waves i) Analytical description) ii)
Graphical description
Phasor
method to analyze waves. Understanding how of a
wavepacket forms.
2.5
Addition
of multiple waves: Interference
2.3.A
Addition of waves from several coherent oscillators
2.3.B Diffraction
grating. Resolving power of a grating.
2.6
Light
waves in different situations
Light-matter
interaction , Resonant
Absorption.
Line spectra from
gases.
The Doppler Effect and spectral line broadening
The Doppler effect
and laser cooling (optical molasses.)
References
E.
Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley. Chapter-2 (Complex
variable, phasors, plane waves.)
Chapter-7 (Sections 7-1: Addition of multiple waves, phasors.) Chapter-10 (Section 10.1.3 Several
Coherent Oscillations. Section 10.2.8 The diffraction grating.)
R.
Feynman, " The Feynman
Lectures on Physics," Vol-I
, Chapter
30 (Sections 30-1, 30-2, 30-3 Diffraction grating.
LECTURE-3
The ORIGIN of INDEX of
REFRACTION
3.1 Microscopic view of the index of refraction: A view from
a "Differential
equation" perspective
3.1.A Analogy between
“electronic
excitations in an atom”
and the "motion
of a
mechanically forced oscillator.”
3.1.B Microscopic
View of the Index of Refraction
3.2 The origin of the index of refraction: A view from a
"phase-lagging"
perspective
3.2.A An
accelerated charge emits electromagneticfileds
Calculation
of the field produced by a plane
of oscillating charges.
Appendix-1
More detailed calculation of the electric field (Calculation of the
acceleration component
perpendicular to the line of sight) .
Appendix-2
The
field produced by
charges in a slab of finite thickness d.
3.2.B
Phase lagging and the index of
refraction
Description
of the experimental setting under consideration: Light
passing
through
a dielectric slab of thicknes "d"
3.2.B1 Approach-1: Calculation of the transmitted field: Assuming
light slows down while travelling inside the slab
3.2.B2 Approach-2: Calculation of the transmitted field: Assuming
the field results from oscillating charges in the slab.
3.2.B3 Comparison
between the two approaches
References
R.
Feynman, " The Feynman
Lectures on Physics," Vol-I
, Chapter
30 (Sections 30-7 "The field
of a plane of oscillating charges.")
LECTURE-4
THE
MAXWELL's EQUATIONS and
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
4.1
The
Maxwell's
Equations in Vacuum
4.1.A
Line integral,
surface integral, the Gauss's and Stoke's Theorems
4.1.B
Maxwell's
Equations in Integral Form
1) Gauss' Law. 2) absence of magnetic monopoles 3) Faradays Law. 4)
Ampere's
Law + Displacement Current
4.1.C
Maxwell's
Equations in Differential Form
The
"Gradient," "divergence," and "rotational" operators
The
Gauss
Theorem: Application example with the first and second Maxwell's
Equation
The
Stokes
Theorem: Application
example with the
third
and fourth
Maxwell's Equation
4.2
Generation,
Prapagation and Detection
of Electromagnetic Waves.
4.2.A
Generation
and detection of electromagnetic waves. Experimental set up.
4.2.B
Self-sustained
propagation of
electromagnetic waves
The
3rd and 4th
ME lead to the WAVE EQUATION. Electromagnetic
waves propagate at speed of light
3.2.C
Detection
of EM waves
Heinrich
Hertz
experiment. Relationship
between the electric- and magnetic- field amplitudes
4.2.D
EM
waves transport energy The
Poynting
vector
LECTURE-5
LIGHT PROPAGATION in NON-MAGNETIC
MATERIALS
5.1
The
Polarization vector
Polarization surface charge density, polarization surface charge
density.
5.2
Maxwell's equations in
non-magnetic
materials (General
case.)
5.2.A
Particular case:
EM
waves in an isotropic dielectric, free of external
charges
and external currents.
5.3
Simple model
for the electric susceptibility in dielectrics
5.4 EM waves propagation in a conductive medium
5.4.A Generalization
of the electrical susceptibility
5.4.B The
complex index of refraction
5.4.C The electrical susceptibility in different circumstances
5.4.C-1 Low
and high frequency susceptibilities in dielectrics
5.4.C-2 Waves
in metals
Transverse waves, longitudinal
EM waves (bulk plasmons)
References
E.
Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley. Chapter-3 (Sections
3-1 to 3-3)
R. Feynman, " The Feynman
Lectures on Physics," Vol-II
, Chapter
3 (Sections 3-2 The Gauss' theorem and
Section 3-2 Stoke's
theorem.) Chapter 10 (Section
10-3 Polarization charges.) Chapter 32
(Refractive index of
dense materials.)
J. D. Jackson, "Classical Electrodynamics,"
3rd Edition (Chapter 7, Section 7.5.)
EM waves in the
near-field http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/absorbingradar1.cfm#fundamentals
LECTURE-6
REFLECTION
and REFRACTION at a DIELECTRIC/
DIELECTRIC
PLANE INTERFACE
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Variables
used to describe the interactions at
the dielectric-dielectric interface
6.2.A
Kinematic
properties: Snell's law, critical angle.
6.2.B
Dynamic properties
6.2.B-1 Transverse
electric (TE) or s-polarized radiation
6.2.B-2 Transverse
magnetic (TM) or p-polarized radiation
6.2.C
Total
internal reflection
LECTURE-7
SURFACE
PLASMON POLARITONS at a
METAL/INSULATOR PLANE INTERFACE
7.1
Introduction
7.2
TM radiation
(electric field parallel to the plane of incidence)
7.2.A General description of TM fields
7.2.B
Special case: Evanescently confined waves
Relationship
between E and B in the same medium
7.2.C Boundary
conditions: Relationship
betwen the fields
across the interface
Condition
for having evanescently confined waves (in the direction perpendiculr
to the interface)
Dispersion relationship k=k(w)
of
waves propagating along the metal-insulator interface
References
Stefan A. Maier; "Plasmonics: Fundamentals and applications,"
Springer, 2007.
QC176.8.P55 M35 2007.
J.
R. Sambles, G. W. Bradbery, and F. Yang, "Optical
excitation of surface plasmons: an introduction," Contemporary Physics 32, 173 (1991).
Surface
Plasmons Plaritons
http://www.e11.ph.tum.de/downloads/AMO/Lecture9.pdf
2010
M. L. Brongersma, and
V. M. Shalaev, “The Case for
Plasmonics,” SCIENCE
328, 441 (2010).
"Plasmonics offers the opportunity to combine the size of
nanoelectronics and the speed of dielectric photonics, enabling
devices
that
might naturally interface with similar-speed photonic devices and with
similar-size electronic components, thus enhancing
the
synergy between these technologies."
LECTURE-8 CLASSICAL VIEW
of LIGHT Summarized
version of LECTURE-8
8.1
Radiation
in a cavity
8.1.A
Emission
of radiation by an accelerated charge
8.1.B
Light
Scattering and Radiation Damping
8.1.C
Effects
of Radiation Damping
8.1.D
Radiation
in Thermal Equilibrium in a cavity
Light
Intensity Spectral Density I(w)
8.1.E
Classical
calculation of an atom's average energy
8.2 Limitations
of the classical theory
8.2.A
The
ultraviolet catastrophe : The crumbling
of the wave theory
8.2.B
Wave
theory keeps crumbling (the Photoelectric Effect)
References
-
R. Feynman, "The Feynman
Lectures on Physics,"
Vol I, Section
32-3 "Radiation Damping,"
- Eisberg
&
Resnick, Section 1-3 "Classical Theory of cavity
radiation," Section 1-4
Planck's theory of
cavity radiation."
-
Eugene
Hecht,
"Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley. Chapter-1;
Section 3.4.1 Linearly
accelerated charges;
Section 4.2 Raleigh Scattering.
LECTURE-9: EINSTEIN'S LAW
OF RADIATION: QUANTUM VIEW
of LIGHT
9.1
Planck's
Theory of Energy Quantization
9.2
Einstein's
Postulate of Quantized
Radiation
3.2A
Calculation
of the Electromagnetic Energy Density U inside a cavity at temperature T
Concept
of electromagnetic modes,
counting modes present in a cavity, average energy stored in a mode
3.2B Relationship between U
(energy density) and I (light
spectral density)
9.3
Light-matter
Interaction: Einstein's
Law of
Radiation
9.3A Einstein's calculation of the average energy of an
electromagnetic mode
Extension of Planck's quantization
energy of matter to light
energy quantization
9.3B Einstein's
extension of light energy quantization to light-matter interaction
Einstein's coefficients: absorption of light, spontaneous and
stimulate emission
of light
9.3C
Sustained Stimulated Emission: LASER
Optical pumping, laser resonator, absorption coefficient
and population inversion
References
-
R. Feynman, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics,"
Vol I, Section 41-2 "Thermal Equilibrium of radiation,"
Section 41-3 "Equipartition and the quantum
oscillator."
- Eisberg
&
Resnick, Section 1-3 "Classical Theory of cavity
radiation," Section 1-4 Planck's theory of
cavity radiation."
PART-II:
GEOMETRICAL
OPTICS (wavelength / detector-size)
---> 0
LECTURE-10:
OPTICS and the VARIATIONAL
PRINCIPLE
10.1 Criteria for evaluating
optical imaging systems
10.1.A Optics
in different regimes
The
electromagnetic spectrum, classification according to the
detection systems
Geometrical
optics: Optics in the regime where (
lambda / dapparatus) -->
0. Light and rays.
10.1.B
Optical
imaging systems
Wavefronts,
the ideal optical imaging system,
limitations of real
systems.
10.1.C
Criteria
for evaluating an ptical imaging system
Criteria
for obtaining a perfect image of a point source
The
Fermat's Principle of least Time
10.2 Evolution of the
Variational Principle
Hero's
shortest
path
principle, the principle of least time (Fermat); definition of
optical path length
Least Time
Principle is not
universal. Modern formulation of
the Fermat's
principle: The variational Principle
Causality and
the . Principle of
Reversibility
10.3
Amplitude
probability
How does light "really"
decides which path to follow?
10.4
Illustrations
using amplitude probabilty and the variational principle
10.4.A
Image
formation and the resolving power of a lens
Suggested
reading:
-
Feynman Lectures, Vol I, Chapter 26, "Optics: The Principle of Least
Time."
- Eugene
Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley: Sections 4.5
"Fermat's
Principle."
- Tim
Albers, "Illustration of the variational principle: Refraction at a
spherical surface,"
Project report 2009.
LECTURE-11:
REFRACTION
at ASPHERICAL SURFACES
11.1 Modification of wavefronts at
oval interfaces
Modification of the wavefront by an aspherical surface; conjugated (object-image)
points; Cartesian
ovals
11.2 Ellipsoids and their
connection
with Optics (application of the variational principle)
11.2.A The ellipse
Equation of the
ellipse in Cartesian coordinates; the ellipse equation
expressed as a Cartesian oval
Ellipse defined by
purely geometrical factors (excentricity)
11.2.B The
ellipse and its connection
to optics
Refraction of light by
an elliptical interface dividing media of
refraction indices n1 and n2
Identifying the
ellipse excentricity with the ratio of indices of
refraction
11.3 Hyperboloids and their connection with
Optics (application of the
variational principle)
11.3.A
The hyperbola
The hyperbola equation
in cartesian coordinates; the hyperbola equation expressed as
a Cartesian oval
Ellipse defined by
purely geometrical factors (excentricity)
11.3.B The
ellipse and its connection
to optics
Refraction of light by
an ellliptical interface dividing media of
refracrion indices n1
and n2
Identifying the
ellipse excentricity with the ratio of indices of
refraction
11.4
Ray tracing through ellipsoidal
and
hyperboloidal refracting
surfaces.
Suggested
reading:
- Eugene Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley:
Section 5.2.1 "Aspherical Surfaces."
-
Feynman Lectures, Vol I, Chapter 26, Section 26-4 "Applications of
Fermat's principle."
LECTURE-12: REFRACTION at SPHERICAL
SURFACES
Ray tracing under the Snell's law
and the "Paraxial approximation"
12.1
Imaging with Spherical Lenses
12.1.A
Ray tracing and the Paraxial Approximation
Ray tracing within the paraxial approximation
Convention of signs for the position of the object,
image, center of curvature
Imaging with spherical lenses within the paraxial
approximation
12.1.B
Imaging with spherical lenses
Analytical procedure: The lens equation;
location of the focal point, numerical aperture
Gathering power of a lens by increasing the index of
refraction
Graphical procedure:
Ray tracing,
lateral
magnification.
Imaging through a thick spherical lens
12.2
Thin lenses
12.2.A
Imaging through thin lenses
Analytical procedure: The lens equation. Graphical
procedure: Ray tracing
, focal planes,
optical center
The Eye:
Accommodation, the near
point, the far point.
Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism
12.2.B
The Newtonian
form of the lens equation
12.2.C
Thin-lens Combination
Imaging through a couple of thin lenses separated by a distance "d"
Graphic procedure.
Analytical procedure
(Effective focal lengths, focal length for the case : d = 0
)
12.2.D
Relative Aperture and f-number (f/#)
12.2.E
Depth of Field
Relationship between tolerance of
the image quality and depth
of field. Dependence
of depth of field and f/#
12.2.F
The Camera
The pin-hole camera. The
camera lens
( Focusing,
Wide-angle camera lens (short focal length) Telephoto
camera lens
(long focal length)
LECTURE-13:
ABERRATIONS
13.1 Quantifying
aberrations
13.1.A Refraction
at a spherical surface: the Lens Equation
13.1.B Criteria
for evaluating aberrations when imaging with spherical lenses
13.1.C Approximate expressions of the Lens
Equation
The paraxial approximation (Gaussian optics)
The third order approximation
13.2 Seven primary aberrations that lead to
imperfect images
13.2.A
Spherical Aberration:
Lack of a common focal point for
all
the concentric zones of the lens
(when imaging object points located at the optical axis.)
13.2.A-1 Longitudinal
and transverse spherical aberration
13.2.A-2 Minimizing
spherical aberrations
i) Case of a
planar-convex lens
ii) Exploiting the existence
of conjugate points in
spherical lenses
Case1:
Glass to air (object and image immersed in glass.) Its implementation
with a converging meniscus.
Case2: Air to glass (object and
image immersed in air.) Its
implementation
with a diverging meniscus
13.2.B
Coma
: Aberration
that afflicts off-axis rays
Meridional
or tangential plane, sagittal plane,
tangential coma, saggital comma
Skew rays
13.2.C
Astigmatism
Meridional
or tangential focal surface, Sagittal
focal surface
13.2.D
Petzval Field curvature
13.2.E
Distorsion
13.2.F
Chromatic
Aberration
Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration
Lateral
Chromatic Aberration
Correcting CA: The design of
an “achromatic doublet”
Suggested
reading:
- Eugene Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley:
Section 6.3 "Aberrations." Section 6.3.2 "Chromatic aberration"
LECTURE-14
DESIGN
of OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. The
KOHELER ILUMINATION -
14.1
Harnessing
illumination-control in optical systems
14.1.A
Stops
Aperture stop, entrance
pupil, exit
pupil
14.1.B
Illuminators
14.2
The Conventional Optical Microscope
14.2.1 Part-I
14.2.2 Part-2
14.2.3
Diffraction-limited resolution
14.3
The
Koheler
Illumination
August
Koehler introduced his method in 1893. His objective was to
obtain, within the optical microscope,
a
uniform
illumination on the analyzed sample, despite the eventual use
of non-homogeneous sources (like
the
electrical lamps). As described in more detail in these notes, the
Koehler illumination setup presents two
main
characteristics:
•
Creates an evenly illuminated field of view
•
The working NA of the condenser and the size of the illuminated field
can be regulated independently
• Tthe illuminating and imaging optical
components are arranged symmetrically on either side of the transmitting
object such that they are mirror-images of each other.
References:
[1]
C. Hammond,
“A symmetrical representation of the
geometrical optics of the light microscope,”
Journal of Microscopy,
192, 63( 1998).
[2]
C. Hammond,
“Symmetrical Ray Diagrams of the Optical Pathways
in Light Microscopes,” Microscopy
and Analysis
20, 5 (2006).
The
article considers infinity
corrected optics
PART III: WAVE OPTICS
LECTURE-15
PROPAGATION
of LIGHT
2011
I. Huygens-Fresnel
principle
Wavefront, Huygens
principle, Huygens-Fresnel principle
II. Rayleigh
scattering
(Scattering from small particles)
II.1.
Self-sustained propagation of electromagnetic fields
II.2. Elastic
scattering from particles of size smaller than the wavelength
II.2.1 Propagation of light in tenuous media
Case: Lateral
scattering
Case: Forward
propagation
II.2.2 Propagation
of light in dense media
III. Scattering from large particles
IV. Diffraction
Contrasting geometrical
optics and diffraction. Difference between interference and diffraction. Far-field and near-field diffraction
IV.1
Fraunhofer
Diffraction
IV.2
Fresnel
Diffraction
LECTURE-16
FOURIER ANALYSIS
16.1
Wavepackets
and Fourier
analysis
15.1.A
Spectral
decomposition of a function (relative to a basis-set)
Analogy between the components of
a vector v and spectral components of a function Y
The scalar
product between two periodic
functions
Calculation
of the spectral
components of a function Y using scalar product
Harmonic
functions as basis
functions
16.1.B Spectral decomposition in terms of
harmonic functions
16.1.B1 Spectral decomposition of Periodic Functions.
The Series Fourier Theorem
Graphic interpretation of the
Fourier series
Examples: Fourier components of a
square wave; Fourier components of a train of pulses (period l) and
its case
when l
--> ∞.)
16.1.B2 Spectral
decomposition of non-periodic
Functions: The Fourier Integral
Example: The cosine wavetrain
16.1.B3 Spectral decomposition in
complex
variable. The Fourier Transform
16.1.B4 The scalar
product in complex variable
Notation in Terms of Brackets
16.1.C Correlation
between localized-functions f = f(x)
and spread-Fourier (spectral) transforms F = F(k)
16.2 Phase
Velocity and
wavepacket's group velocity
16.2.A Planes
16.2.B Traveling Plane
Waves and Phase Velocity
Traveling Plane
Waves (propagation in one dimension)
Traveling Harmonic Waves
16.2.C A
Traveling Wavepackage and its Group Velocity
Wavepacket composed
of two harmonic waves
Analytical and graphical description
16.2.D Phasor
method to
analyze a wavepacket
Case: wavepacket composed of two waves
Case: A
wavepacket composed of several harmonic waves
16.3
Coherence
Predictability, correlation, Concept of Coherence time and coherence
Length
LECTURE-16
FOURIER OPTICS
Suggested
reading:
- Eugene Hecht, "Optics," 4th
Edition, Addison
Wesley:
Section 2.6 "Phasors and the Addition of waves,"
Section
2.7 "Plane waves,"
Section 2.8 "The
three-dimensional Wave equation," Section 7.3 "Anharmonic
Periodic waves,"
Section 7.4 "Nonperiodic waves," Section 7.4.3 "Coherence
length."
LECTURE-17 OVERCOMING the
DIFFRACTION
LIMITED RESOLUTION of
CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
17.1
FLUORESCENCE
NANOSCOPY
The resolution in optical
microscopy has been hampered by the
smallest spot possible (~
l/2)
that can be achieved
by
conventional
methods.
A key
aspect to overcome the resolution of conventional microscopy is to
reduce the
number of fluorescently labeled
molecules that are excited
simultaneously. Two methods have
been very successful:
a)
Reducing the radius of the
diffraction limited spot (exploiting non linear effects),
“ the
effective size of the exciting beam is reduced by stimulated
emission depletion
(STED), in which
a doughnut-shaped quenching
beam is wrapped around the
excitation spot (see figure 2 below).
The
result is akin to
sharpening a pencil to
draw finer lines. By scanning the “sharpened” spot
over
the
sample, an image is built
pixel by pixel, with a resolution
currently down
to 20 nm.” [Ref 1]
b)
Turning on a random subset of widely
separated fluorophores, identifying their location with nanometer
precision,
and
then turning them of; this cycle is
repeated until a
desired resolution
has been achieved.
In
this second approach, “microscopy
techniques (termed PALM and STORM) take advantage of
molecules
that can be
turned on and off with different light sources.
[Ref
1] F. Pinaud and M. Dahan, “Zooming Into
Live Cells,” Science 320,
187 (2008).
17.2
TRACKING INDIVIDUAL
PARTICLES with NANOMETER PRECISION
The image-size
of an object is limited by diffraction. However, the
center of the object can be determined
arbitrarily precisely, given a sufficient number of
photons (N)
in the spot. Two important source of noise affect
this method: a) the
shot noise of the photons in the image spot, and b) the
background
noise created by
out-of-focus fluorescence, charge coupled device (CCD)
readout noise, dark current, and other
factors.
Reference: R. E. Thompson, D. R. Larson, and W.
W. Webb,
"Precise
Nanometer Localization Analysis for individual Fluorescent Probes ," Biophysical
Journal 82, 2775 (2002).
Nanometer accuracy has
been
demonstrated for
two to five single molecules within a diffraction-limited area.
NALMS microscopy.
Reference:
Xiaohui
Qu, David Wu, Laurens Mets, and Norbert F. Scherer,
"Nanometer-localized
multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy," PNAS 101,
11298 (2004).
Estimation of imaging
requirements for
80-nm and 20-nm localization precision is provided in:
Reference: Samuel T. Hess,
Thanu
P.K.
Girirajan, Michael D. Mason,
"Ultra-High
Resolution Imaging by Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization
Microscopy," Biophysical
Journal 91,
4258 (2006).
_______________________________________________________________________
PROJECT TOPICS
1.
CLASSICAL
ANALOG of ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY
References:
Ref C. L. Garrido Alzar et al,
Am.
J. Phys. 70 , 37 ( 2002)
We
present a classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency ~EIT!.
In a system of just two
coupled harmonic
oscillators
subject to a harmonic
driving force, we reproduce
the phenomenology
observed in EIT. We also describe a simple
experiment with two linearly coupledRLC
circuits which can be
incorporated into an
undergraduate laboratory.
(2011) Eli
Cabely, "Review
of Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
" Abstract
Report
Fast Light, Slow Light
Controlling the
speed of light
2. TRACKING INDIVIDUAL
PARTICLES with NANOMETER PRECISION
The
image-size
of an object is limitted by diffraction. However, the
center of the object can be determined arbitrarily
precisely, given a sufficient number of
photons (N)
in the spot. Two important source of noise affect this method:
a) the
shot noise of the photons in the image spot, and b) the
background
noise created by out-of-focus fluorescence,
charge coupled device (CCD)
readout noise, dark current, and other
factors.
References:
R. E. Thompson, D. R.
Larson, and W.
W. Webb, "Precise
Nanometer Localization Analysis for individual Fluorescent
Probes,"
Biophysical Journal 82
, 2775
(2002).
S.
T. Hess,
T.
P.K.
Girirajan, M. D. Mason, "Ultra-High
Resolution Imaging by Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization
Microscopy,"
Biophysical Journal 91,
4258 (2006).
This paper provides an estimation
of imaging
requirements for
80-nm and 20-nm localization precision is provided in:
X.
Qu, D. Wu, Laurens Mets, and N. F. Scherer, "Nanometer-localized
multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy,"
PNAS
101,
11298 (2004).
Nanometer
accuracy has
been
demonstrated for
two to five single molecules within a diffraction-limited area. The
techniques is identified as NALMS
microscopy.
Benjamin Smith, PSU student,
"Localization of particles
with nanometer precision," Report-2011.
Aung Soe, "Precision-tracking of individual
particles by Fluorescence Photo activation Localization Microscopy."
Abstract
Presentation
(2011)
3.
SIMULATION:
LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH SMALL APERTURES
References:
Masud
Mansuripur, Armis R.
Zakharian and Jerome V. Moloney, “Transmission
of Light Through Small
Elliptical Apertures (Part
1),”
Optics &
Photonics News March 2004.
Masud
Mansuripur, Armis R.
Zakharian and Jerome V. Moloney, “Transmission
of Light Through Small
Elliptical Apertures (Part
2),”
Optics &
Photonics News April 2004.
1.
RAMAN SPECTROCOPY
(2011)
Raman
spctroscopy is a
technique used to study vibrational, rotational, states. It relies on
inelastic scattering, of
monochromatic
light, usually from a laser in the visible
range. Photons quanta of energy hgi interact
with (quantized) molecular
vibrations hwvib, resulting
in the energy (and frequency) of the scattered
photons being shifted (up or down.) The shift in energy
gives
information about
the phonon modes in the system. Spontaneous Raman scattering is
typically very
weak (~10-6 efficiency).
Stimulated
Raman Effect is a
combination of a Raman process with stimulated emission.
1.1
RAMAN
SPECTROSCOPY. Theory and
Applicatons
References:
- Cantrell, "Stimulated
Raman Spectroscopy"
- Kukura, Camant,
Mathias, "Femtosecond_Stmulated_Raman
spectroscopy."
- 2010
"Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman Spectrocopy."
- Raman
Spectroscopy Basics, Princeton Instruments.
Stimulated
Raman scattering is an example of “non-linear” Raman spectroscopy. Very
strong
laser pulse with electric field
strength
> 109 V·cm-1 transforms up to 50% of all laser
pulse energy into
coherent beam at Stokes frequency g0 - gm .
The
Stokes
beam is unidirectional with the incident laser beam. Only the mode um
which is
the strongest in the regular
Raman
spectrum is greatly amplified. All other, weaker Raman active modes are
not
present. The Stokes frequency is so
strong
it acts as a secondary excitation
source and generates the second Stokes line with frequency
g0
-
2gm.
The
second Stokes
line
generates the third one with the
frequency
g0
-
3gm
etc. Stimulated Raman technique enjoys 4-5 orders of magnitude
enhancement
of Raman signal as compared to the spontaneous Raman scattering.
1.2
CONSTRUCTION of an INVERTED
MICROSCOPE for RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (Not offered in 2011)
References:
G. Trout and S.
Basu, " Design
and implementation of a cost-effective microscope for fabrication and
imaging"
http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-0233/20/12/127001;jsessionid=49BCED3A4C36563B8EEE5EF7630B1161.c1
W.
J. Cottrell, J. D. Wilson, and T. H. Foster, "Microscope enabling
multimodality
imaging, angle-resolved scattering, and scattering
spectroscopy
," Optics Letters,
Vol. 32, Issue 16, pp. 2348-2350
(2007)
doi:10.1364/OL.32.002348
(20111) Reid McCargar, "Photo-acoustic phase
conjugation for biomedical imaging" Presentation
(2011) Brett Buchea, "2011
Understanding th difference between group and information velocities
." Abstract
(2011) Bo X. Chen, "Quantized Electrical Conductance in Carbon
nanotubes." Abstract Report
(2011)
John Mitchell, "Fabrication of
Probes for High Resolution Optical Microscopy."
(2011) Kurt Schab, "Holography."
Abstract
Preseantation
(2011) Tim Meagher, "Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering."
Abstract
(2011) Eli
Cabely, "Review
of Classical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
" Abstract
Report
(2011) Zachariah
M. Peterson,
“Nanowire Waveguides and Their Use in
Solar Cells.” Abstract Report
(2011) Andrew
Barnum "Simplified
Numerical Model for Surface Plasmon Polariton Coupling in the
Near-Field." Abstract
(2011) Pablo Baldivieso, "Precise
Nanometer Localization Analysis for individual Fluorescent Probes."
Abstract
James Hoescher, "Slowing Down and Stopping Light." Abstract
Simona
Patange, "Super-Resolution
Cell Imaging with Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM)." Abstract
Alice Tasker,
"Photoconversion of Copper Flakes to
Nanowires
with Ultrashort Pulse Laser Irradiation."
Abstract
Elliot Mylott, "CCDs and their
limitations impossed by noise." Abstract
2.
NANODEVICES for SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS (2011)
This project
pursues the study of quantized
thermal and electrical conductivity phenomena in nanoscale systems
(including copper
oxides and cupper-tin alloys
nano-wires), aiming at harnessing their use
in solar energy conversion technologies.
2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: QUANTIZED
ELECTRICAL and THERMAL CONDUCTANCE
Some reference offering a wode view on the subject are be
provided beow. Each of these reference typically provide additional
bibliography
(peer reviewed papers) on more specific sub-subjects.
For
your project you can select one of those specific papers and
describe its content in more detail.
References:
- Ballistic
Phonon Transport in
CNTs
UK National Physical Laboratory
(NPL).
"When the electronic mean
free path λ of a wire is larger than
the wire’s length L, the wire behaves like an
electron wave-guide and each
wave-guide mode -or conduction channel- contributes exactly an amount Go
to
the total conductance of the
wire
Luis
Rego and George Kirczenow demonstrated theoretically that in a low
temperature regime dominated
by
ballistic massless phonon modes the phonon thermal conductance of a
1D quantum wire is quantised.
For an
individual CNT, the expected electrical
conductance step is ~1 G0;
G0
is the quantum
of electrical conductance:
G0 = 2e2/h = 1/12.9 kΩ;
Thermal
conductance step is
~260 Gth
(corresponding to a heat transfer of ~26 μW) have been
observed;
Gth is the quantum
of thermal conductance : Gth = π2kB2T/3h = 9.456×10-13 (W/K2)×T."
-
Undergraduate
laboratory experiment on quantized conductance in nanocontacts
-
(1998)
Carbon nanotube quantum resistors
2.2
COPPER NANOWIRES
Copper oxides are attractive as p-type
photovoltaic direct band-gap material due to their high absorption
coefficient
in the visible region. Additional
benefits
include non-toxicity, abundance, and the long term stability typically
associated with oxides. In combination with other n-type semiconductors
(i.e.
titanium and tin oxides), copper oxides become resistant to
photo-corrosion,
making them good candidates in the design of portable chemical
fuel
devices
(water-splitting photochemical diodes.).
Additional
benefits of copper oxides can
be obtained when their dimensions are reduced to the nanometer range:
The photogenerated
excitons need to be
transported
over shorter distances, thereby offering
enhanced efficiency for photochemical processes. Enhanced
(ballistic) thermal
and electrical
transport are expected from NW, which could find practical
applications in managing heat dissipation, a crucial limiting factor in
the current
trend of
device miniaturization
References:
- Quantum
effects in electrical and thermal transport through nanowires
- Photoconversion
of Copper Flakes to Nanowires with Ultrashort Pulse Laser
Irradiation
3.
ABBE's
THEORY of IMAGE FORMATION (FOURIER OPTICS)
Eugene Hetch, Optics, Section 13.2.; Also Chapter-11
8. PUSHING THE RESOLUTION-LIMITS
of CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
8.1 FLUORESCENCE
NANOSCOPY. Breaking the diffraction limitted resolution
Introduction
Conventional
Optical microscopy would be the
preferred tool for characterizing biological dynamic events with
nanometer spatial resolution given its
simple use,
relatively low cost, and, quite important, non-invasive character.
Unfortunately, diffraction
effects prevent conventional
optical microscopy from providing spatial lateral resolution
better than lambda/2 (where lambda~
500 nm is the wavelength of the
radiation used) as enunciated by Ernst Abbe
in 1873.
A key
aspect to overcome this limitation is to reduce the
number of fluorescently labeled molecules that are excited
simultaneously. Here we mention two methods that have
been very succesful:
a)
Reducing the radius of the
diffraction limited spot (exploiting non linear effects),
“ the
effective size of the exciting beam is reduced by stimulated emission depletion
(STED), in which
a doughnut-shaped quenching beam is wrapped around the
excitation spot (see figure 2 below).
The
result is akin to sharpening a pencil to
draw finer lines. By scanning the “sharpened” spot
over
the
sample, an image is built pixel by pixel, with a resolution
currently down
to 20 nm.” [Ref 1]
b)
Turning on a random subset of widely
separated fluorophores, identifying their location with nanometer
precision,
and
then turning them of; this cycle is repeated until a
desired resolution
has been achieved.
In
this second approach, “microscopy
techniques (termed PALM and STORM) take advantage of
molecules that
can be
turned on and off with different light sources.
- Using low activation
intensity, a small and random subset of molecules in the field of view
is
activated.
- Next, a conventional image
is taken, in which activated emitters appear as sparse spots.
- The molecules are then deactivated
through photobleaching or by switching back to their off state.
Each
spot has a
diffraction-limited extension of ~ lambda/2, but its center can
be localized with much
higher accuracy
(see
first below), in practice down to
10 to 40 nm.
By repeating the
activation-imaging-deactivation cycle many times, a composite image
made up of
the positions of
all individual molecules is
created, much like in a
pointillist painting."
[Ref
1]
In
what follows
the two approaches will be
described in more detail.
[Ref
1] F. Pinaud and M. Dahan, “Zooming Into
Live Cells,” Science 320,
187 (2008).
8.1.A Stimulated
Emission Depletion (STED)
Helpful References:
S. Weiss, “Shattering
the diffraction limit of light,” PNAS 97, 8747
(2000)
"Towards
Fluorescence Nanoscopy" By
Stefan Hell. Nature Biotechnology Vol 21, 1347 (2003). The paper
includes: the concept of
resolution, the principle of breaking the diffraction barrier,
estimultaed emission depletion microscopy.
A disadvantage of STED is the requirement of
intense pico-second pulses, which induces photo-bleaching of the
dye.
8.1. 2 PALM
8.1.3
Photoactivatable Fluorophores
- "These type of fluorophore proteins display little initial
fluorescence under excitation at the imaging wavelength but
increase their fluorescence after activation by irradiation at a
different wavelength.
-
Three molecules—PAGFP (Ref. 5), Kaede (Ref. 6), and KFP1 (Ref. 7) have
been shown to display 30-fold increases
in fluorescence after
photoactivation.
-
PA-GFP) exhibits up to 100-fold increases in fluorescence excitation at
488 nm when illuminated with 413-nm light
(Ref. 5).
-
Although Kaede displays the largest contrast between pre- and
postphotoactivation (2000- fold) and is therefore
the best choice for marking single cells within a population, both it
and KFP1
self-associate to form tetramers.
This makes them problematic as fusion
tags. their lifetime are being observed tags, unlike the A.
victoria–derived
PAGFP whose
self-association is weak (Ref. 11) and which can be used as a reliable
protein reporter (Ref. 5).
- Potoactivation
of KFP1 with light of
532 nm (Ref. 7) is likely to be less harmful
to cells than the near-ultraviolet
light of
400 nm required to photoactivate PAGFP and Kaede (Ref. 5, 6)."
From Ref: J.
Lippincott-Schwartz and G. H. Patterson,“Development
and Use of Fluorescent Protein Markers
in Living Cells,” Science 300, 87 (2003). This is a review on the use
of fluorescence markers for
visualizing, tracking motion, and
quantification of events in living cells. The last section of the
article
focuses on the photo-modulatable
fluorescence proteins.
8.2
STRUCTURED-ILLUMINATION
MICROSCOPY
The key in SIM is the detection of the (low) beat frequencies (the
latter produced between the reference
structured-illumination frequency and the sample's high-frequency
components), which can then be deconvoluted to
obtain the sample's
spatial high-frequency components.
- " I5M:3D
wide field light microscopy with better than 100 nm axial resolution"
M. G.
L. Gustafsson, D. A. Agard, J. W. Sedat, Journal of Microscopy,
Vol.195, 10 (1999).
"Seven fold improved axial
resolution
has been achieved in three-dimensional wide field fluorescence
microscopy, using
a novel interferometric technique in which the sample is observed
and/or illuminated
from both sides simultaneously
using two opposing objective lenses. Separate interference
effects in the
excitation light and the emitted
light give access to higher resolution
axial information about the sample
than can be reached by conventional wide field
or confocal microscopes."
7.
FABRICATION
of PROBES for HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL MICROSCOPY
1.
Fabrication of apertures of
sub-wavelengths dimensions for Near-field Optical Microscopy
See image of a NSOM
probe
The
fabrication process follows a few steps:
- Fabrication of tapered glass-fiber
probes by chemical HF-etching procedure (this step will be
performed by
another well
-
Metal coating using a vacuum
thermal evaporator. (this
step will be
performed by
another well trained
graduate student.)
-
Modification of probe morphology (to create a metalic aperture at the
probe's apex) using a focused
ion
beam system.
2010_David
Logan Report_NSOM-Probe_Fabrication_using_FIB
2.
Fabrication of coaxial probes
Coaxial waveguides have no cut-off
frequency,
hence they should provide high throghput efficiency. The same probe can
be used
to construct a nanothermometer.
- Fabrication of tapered glass-pipettes
by a heating/pulling method ( amicropipette puller woill be made
available for this task.)
- Fabrication of tapered metallic probes (the central
electrode of the coaxial probe.)
References:
Application of NSOM:
A. La Rosa, Near-field
characterization of semicondustor nanostructures and devices
[Ref]
Fabrication of probes by chemical etching R. Stockle, C.
Fokas,V. Deckert, and R. Zenobi, " High-quality
near-field optical
probes by tube
tching," Appl.Phys.
Lett. 75, 160
(1999).
"A method called
tube etching for the
fabrication of near-field
optical probes is presented. Tip formation occurs inside a cylindrical
cavity formed by the polymer
coating of an
optical fiber which is not stripped away prior to etching in hydrofluoric acid.
... In the
case of fiber
with permeable jacket, the tip forms by the same mechanism as in the case of the impermeable
polymer
coating."
Introduction: Focused Ion
Beam Systems Focused
Ion Beam Principle
A. La Rosa, "Near-field
Scanning Optical Microscopy."
A. La Rosa, "Combined
Terahertz/visible Near-field Optical Microscopy."
PLASMONS in
NANOSTRUCTURES
P.1 Plasmonic antennas
" Diffraction
places a fundamental limit
on the smallest scales at which light can be controlled.
Silver-nanoparticles
array circumvents the barrier
-
Plasmonic
antennas constituted by chains
of nanoparticles (and act similar to the better known multi-
element radio antennas.)
- Take
advantage of the fact that the light becomes coupled to the ‘plasma’ of
free electrons that suffuses
any metal.
- Generally accepted as the
best way to get
round the limitation imposed
by diffraction and so convert light
into nanoscale-localized energy.
- In
these chains,
both plasmon coupling and interference can be engineered to optimize
photon energy
transport and localization."
Taken from Niek
F. van Hulst, " Light
in chains " Nature
448, 141 (2007).
Additional
Ref: Rene´ de Waele, A. Femius Koenderink, and
Albert Polman, “Tunable
Nanoscale Localization
of
Energy on Plasmon Particle Arrays,” Nano Letters 7, 2004 (2007).
Student in charge: Douglas
Howe
Task: To review the
two
articles cited above. Describe the methods to fabricate the chain of
particles.
P.2
Plasmons in Nanowires
"Sub-wavelength confinement of optical fields near
metallic nano-structures. When a single CdSe quantum dot is
optically excited in
close proximity to a silver nanowire, emission from the quantum dot
couples directly
to guided
surface plasmons in the nanowire,
causing the wire’s ends to light up.
"
Taken from A.V.Akimov
et al , "Generation
of single optical plasmons in metallic nano wires
coupled to quantum dots,"
Nature
450, 402 (2007).
8.
RING
LASER and ACOUSTO
OPTIC MODULATOR
How does a ring
laser work?
Working
principle of the acousto optics modulator.
References:
S.Jordan
and S. Merritt, Report on "The
ring laser and the acousto optics modulator."
The
crystal resonantor (from the laser manufacturer.)
9. CCD
CAMERAS
Students sould address the following
topics:
a)
Working
principle of a CCD and CMOS camera. b) Charge storage,
charge transfer, c) spectral sensitivity,
d) What is
dynamic range? e) How is noise
level
defined?
f) dark
current, g) Detailed explanation of the
different parameters
describing
the virtues and
limitations of CCDs, h) rate readout, i) interline
transfer devices, etc.
Students can
specialize on the particular
types of
cameras:
1. Difference
between CCD and CMOS cameras
2. EMCCD
cameras
What is
an electronmultiplying CCD
(EMCCD)
camera?
Student
in
charge: Kaliq
Mansor
Report
3. Intensified
CCD cameras
How does
the
intensified camera differentiate from the
other CCD types?
Student in
charge: Justin
Lund
Presentation
Report
4. Back-illuminated
CCD cameras
Specialization on the concep of noise (types of noise) invloved in the
functioning of a CCD
Student
in
charge:
References:
From
CCD to CMOS
(tutorial from
Micron Inc.)
Technical
specification of the CCD used in this
project
PhtonMAX:
512B
10. NANOMETER-AMPLITUDE
OSCILLATIONS measured by OPTICAL INTERFERENCE
The project
involves the use of:
a) A wave division
multiplexer (WDM) device: Optical fiber device having three
fiber terminals, which can be used either
as input
or outputs. It will
be used here to establish the interference optical setup.
Information about the
WDM device WD202B-F to be
used in this project: is available at
http://www.thorlabs.com/NewGroupPage9.cfm?ObjectGroup_ID=375&pn=WD202B-FC&CFID=14464472&CFTOKEN=77598017
WDM
http://www.rp-photonics.com/wavelength_division_multiplexing.html
b) Piezoelectric
tube
actuator A piezo ceramic tube of 1” in length and
¼” in diameter. The length of the piezo is controlled with
a DC voltage (~5 nm/Volt).
Formulae for estimating the lateral and
longitudinal elongations of
piezoelectric tubes. http://www.eblproducts.com/piezotube.html
c) Tuning fork
sensor The
oscillatory motion of the TF’s tines are controlled by an ac signal ( ~
10mV rms ).
References:
Michelson interferometer
setup for measuring the vibration amplitude of tuning forks: J.
D. Pedarnig, et al "Caibrartion and setup of
100 kHz shear force distance for NSOM," Probe Microscopy 1, 239 (1998).
Mirau-type
interferometer fir measuring tuning fork's vibration amplitude with
sub-Angstrom resolution: P.
G.
Gucciardia et al
“Interferometric measurement of the tip
oscillation amplitude in apertureless near-field optical microscopy,”
Rev. Sci.
Inst. 76,
036105-1 (2005)
B.
Biehler and A. H. La Rosa, “High frequency-bandwidth optical
technique to measure thermal elongation time responses of near-field
scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) probes,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73,
3837-40 (2002).
(Karai,
SPIE-1995) This paper
describes the use of a
tuning fork as a sensor controlling the vertical potion of a probe in
scanning probe
microscopy
11. PLASMON BASED NANO LASER Ammon
Bonham (2010)
Propagation of
electromagnetic waves in [Gold-core]
+ [dye-doped silica-shell] nanostructures
2010 M.
A. Noginov et al, “Demonstration
of a spaser-based nanolaser,” NATURE
460,
1110 (2009.)
2002
Stefan A. Maier, et al; “Observation
of coupled
plasmon-polariton modes in Au nanoparticle chain waveguides
of different lengths:
Estimation of waveguide loss,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 81,
1714 (2002.)
12. PLASMONS
C2007
CD DVD Blue-ray disk Plasmons
2008
Guiding light with long range plasmons
2006
Surface plasmonic fields in nanophotonics
2007 Surface
Plasmons polaritons on metallic surfaces
MANSURIPUR
2007
Single photon transistor
13. LASER
DIODE
1 Implementation of a near-infrared
laser diode
Task: To put in operation a fiber-coupled
near-infrared diode laser.
To describe the operation of the laser
driver. Specifically, detailed
description of how to connect the laser
driver to
the
actual laser diode. Detailed
description of the pin connections.
To test the laser's
output
power stability.
Materials available
Laser module
used in this project: LPS-SMF28-1310-FC Laser Pigtailed
System with ML725B8F
Diode
Mitsubishi Laser Diode ML725B8F Diode datasheet
Manual of
the Laser
driver controller LDC 500 (to be used in this project)
LDC_500_Pin
assignment laser-driver outputs / Connecting laser diode and photodiode
LDC_500_Front_and_back_panels
Near-infrared
photo-detector:
ETX 75 TL
(00750050-000) InGaAs photodiode
Photosensitive
area; 75um with lensed cap.
The JDSU ETX 75 InGaAs PIN
photodetectors have
photosensitive areas with diameters of 75µm.
These photodiodes offer high
responsivity in the 800 to 1700 nm spectrum
The detectors feature high
sensitivity and linear spectral responsivity
over a broad range of input powers.
When operating in photovoltaic mode, a
noise current density of 10
fA/Hz1/2 is typical at room temperature.
When reverse-biased for
greater bandwidth, a noise floor of 60fA/Hz1/2
at -5 V is typical. Linear spectral response
results from the low series resistance
of the photodiodes.
Vendor of InGaAs
photodiodes JDS
Helpful References
:
http://www.rp-photonics.com/laser_diodes.html
2 Working principle of a laser
diode
Semiconductor energy
bands. What
is an Light Emitting Diode (LED). What is a semiconductor laser
diode. The
double heterojunction
laser.
Student in charge: Nathan
Makowski Presentation
Report
/ Jason Hill
Presentation
Report
Helpful
References: Russell D. Dupuis, "The
Diode Laser, The First 30 Days, 40 Years Ago," Optics &
Photonics News, April
issue, p.30
(2004).
8. OPTICAL FIBER
Working principle of
an optical fiber,
single and multimode fibers. Tapered fibers for microscopy applications.
Fiber Bragg grating,
working principle,
applications
Hands
on: Coupling
light onto an optical fiber with a
metal coating tip at one end (take micrograph images of the metal
coated apex.)
Student in charge:
Helpful
references: http://www.rp-photonics.com/fiber_bragg_gratings.html
Technical specifications of the SMF-28
optical fiber
9. DISTRIBUTED
FEEDBACK LASERS (DFB laser)
A
laser where the whole resonator
consists of a periodic structure for forming a resonator
DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR LASERS (DBR Laser)
A
laser where the laser resonator is
made with at least one distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) outside the
gain
medium
(the active
region). A DBR is a Bragg mirror, i.e., a light reflecting
device (a mirror) based on Bragg reflection at a
periodic
structure.
Helpful references: http://www.rp-photonics.com/distributed_feedback_lasers.html
http://www.rp-photonics.com/distributed_bragg_reflector_lasers.html
10. EVANESCEN-WAVES MICROSCOPY
10.1 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
"Total
internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that can be employed to
observe events occuring at boundaries.
When light strikes the interface between two optical
media of different refractive indices, the light incident at an angle
greater than the critical angle undergoes total reflection.
Beyond the angle of total reflection, the electromagnetic field of the
incoming/reflected light still extends into the z
direction. The strength of this field, often termed the evanescent
wave, decreases exponentially, and its effects extend
only a few hundred nanometers into the second medium (having
the lower refractive index). That portion of the specimen
within the evanescent
field can be excited to emit
fluorescence and consequently can be seen or recorded. "
From Olympus Application Notes
Total
Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence
Microscopy
Glossary:
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
Internet Microscopy Resources
TIRF Objective lens to be used in this project
OLYMPUS
Part number
1-UB617R
1.45 NA OBJECTIVE, WD
0.10MM (working distance)
PLAPO100X
O3 /TIRFM; PLAN APO 100 X
OIL OBJ
10.2 EVANESCENT NANOMETROLOGY
A new rechnique can detect the changes in length or position of a
single molecule moving along the z axis of an optical
microscope, with
subnanometer and millisecond time resolution. In one application, it is
used it to track the unfolding of a
single ubiquitin
protein in real time.
The technique uses a nanometer-scale-calibrated evanescent wave to
measure the position of a fluorescent particle moving
along the z axis. It
uses of a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-generated
evanescent wave with an intensity
that decays
exponentially as a function of vertical distance. The measuring system
exploits the distance-dependent
evanescent wave as a "ruler" to deconvolve fluorescent intensity into
length.
To calibrate the evanescent wave, a combined atomic force microscope
(AFM)-TIRF instrument is implemented. It consists
of an AFM head
mounted on top of a TIRF microscope equipped with an
electron-multiplying charge-coupled device
(EMCCD)
References:
A. Sarkar, R. B. Robertson, and J. M.
Fernandez, "Simultaneous
Atomic Force Microscope and Fluorescence
Measurements of
Protein Unfolding Using a Calibrated Evanescent Wave," PNAS 101, 12882 (200).
Student in charge:
_______________________________________________________________________
2009 - P R
O J E
C T S
Presentations:
"Metamaterials
for Terahertz Frequencies."
By Gabriel Kniffin
Report
Presentation
"Super
Lenses" By Bernard Landon
Report
Presentation
References:
1.
Pendry, "Negative refraction makes a perfect lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3966 (2000).
2.
Pendry, " Manipulating the near field with
metamaterials ," Optics and Photonics News, p 33-37
(2004).
3.
R. A.
Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, “Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction,” Science 292 , 77
(2001).
"The
single
photon transistor."
By Brad Martin
Report
Presentation
"Aberration
Corrected Photo-emission Electron Microscopy." By Jeff Nettleton Presentation
"Near-field
Optical probe tip
manufacture."
By Mike Hopkins Presentation
To manufacture
subwavelength-size apertures in order to beat the diffraction
limitted
resolution of conventional optical microscopy.
"The
Human Eye" By Tim Albers
Report
"Optical
Data Storage," By Sam Burkhart
Report
"Coupling
light through optical
fibers," By Gagandeep Kaur
Report
"Expanded Beam Termini." By John
McNeil
Report
Presentation
________________________________________________________________________
REPORTS - 2008
Justin
Lund
Intensified CCD Cameras
Presentation
Report
Kaliq
Mansor
Electron Multiplying
CCD
Report
Ernest Ventura
Dynamic Range and Bit-Depth in CCD Presentation Report
Eric
Lochbrunner Laser Diode Driver
Report
Tin
Nguyen
Distributed Feedback
Laser
Report
SuGeun_Chae
Optical
Design Software
Presentation
Report
Thomas
Benjamin The
Delay Choice Quantum Experiment
Report
Brian
Pederson
Total Internal Reflection
Presentation
Report
Doug
Howe
Tunable nanoscale
optical antenna Presentation
Report
Carolyn Sutton
Optical,
Confocal, and 4Pi Microscopy Presentation
Report
Taylor
Bilyeu
Optical Fiber: Working
principle, Presentation
Report
History, Analytical Solutions
Amit
Kulkarni
Imaging
Silicon Nanowires
Report
Christopher Stephens Speed of Light
Presentation Report
Nathan
Makowski Laser Diode
Presentation
Report
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
IMPORTANT LINKS
Microscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsc
___________________________________
Lecture
7 DESCRIPTION OF WAVES
The WAVE EQUATION,
FOURIER EXPANSION, COHERENCE
LENGTH
7.1
Wave motion
Longitudinal, transverse waves, traveling waves , the Wave
Equation
7.2
Synthesizing Periodic Waves:: The FOURIER SERIES
Periodic waves, Harmonic waves, Anharmonic Periodic Waves
Fourier Theorem: Expressing Anharmonic Periodic Waves in terms of
Harmonic Waves
7.3
Wavepackets: Fourier components of one pulse
The concept of wave-packet (or frequency bandwidth)
Relationship between pulse duration and frequency bandwidth.
7.4
Synthesizing Non-periodic waves: The FOURIER INTEGRAL
Fourier components are called “Fourier transform.”)
The Fourier transform of the Cosine Wavetrain
7.5
Coherence
Predictability, correlation, Concept of Coherence time and coherence
Length
Lecture
6 GENERATION, PROPAGATION and DETECTION
of EM WAVES
GEOMETRICAL
OPTICS
Lecture-2
PROPAGATION of LIGHT Huygens' Principle
Lecture-6
RAY-TRACING THE-EYE LENS-COMBINATION
Lecture-7
ABERRATIONS
Problem
5.85 Problem
5.44 and 5.45
--------------------------------------------------
Lecture-8
STOPS
Lecture-9
ILLUMINATORS
Lecture-10
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Lecture-10B
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Lecture-5
REFRACTION at SPHERICAL SURFACES
Lecture-6
RAY-TRACING THE-EYE LENS-COMBINATION
Lecture-7
ABERRATIONS
Problem
5.85 Problem
5.44 and 5.45
--------------------------------------------------
Lecture-8
STOPS
Lecture-9
ILLUMINATORS
Lecture-10
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Lecture-10B
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
WAVE OPTICS
Lecture
13 GENERATION, PROPAGATION and DETECTION
of EM WAVES
Lecture
14 WAVE MOTION
Lecture
15 INTERFERENCE
Lecture
16 MICROSCOPIC VIEW of the INDEX of
REFRACTION
Lecture 17 EUCLIDEAN
LIGHT:
Gaussian
Beam Optics
Projects from Winter 2006
Topics from Winter 2005
|
T O P I C |
References
|
Presentation Date
|
|
Clive
|
Optical Information Processing
Transform property of a lens.
Spatial Light Modulators |
The
Processing Power of Light Is
it possible that nonlinear optics holds the key to realization of the
optical
transistor?
|
Presentation
(pdf)
|
|
Elliott L. VonWeller
|
Photonic Crystal Fibers |
. |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Erin Hammond.
|
High Power Fiber Lasers
1) Fber Design - Double
Clad
Fiber
2) Single Mode iFiber
3) Power Limitations
4) Advantages of Fiber
Lasers
5) Beam Quality |
. |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Tom Dornan
|
Optical
Coherence
Tomography.
OCT uses
optical
backscattering to
achieve
in
vivo resolutions of down to
10
microns. |
. |
Feb 22nd (confirmed)
|
Dr. Geoff Fanning
Flextronics
|
Direct Coupling of Optical Fiber
to Photonic
Devices and Other Applications of Optics at Flextronics Photonics
|
10:45 to 11:45 am
|
Feb 24th (confirmed)
|
|
Saleh S. Ahmed.
|
Raman laser on silicon chips |
Silicon
Raman
Laser |
March 1st (confirmed
|
|
Jason Hill
|
Laser Diode |
Laser Diode : The
first 30
days, 40 years ago |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Shane Ruark
|
Power Ttransmission through Optical
Fibers |
|
Report
|
|
|
|
|
|
Don Graham
|
Application of Light Modulation With
Acousto-Optic
Devices |
http://www.brimrose.com/aointro.pdf |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Mike Hein
|
Adaptive Optics |
. |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Eric West
|
Atmospheric Optics
Rays & shadows, Ice Halos,
Rainbows |
. |
Presentation
Report
|
|
Scott Blakely
|
Refractive Surgery
Surgical treatments; specifically
phakic iol
What is it, how it works, procedure
-advantages/benefits
-limitations/risks |
. |
March 08
|
|
Dave Jun
|
What's Fast Light, Slow
Light? |
M. D. Stenner et al, Nature 425,
695-8 (2003) |
Presentation
|
|
Ioannis
|
Front double aspheric curves:
a new concept of lens designing.to
reduce
chromatic abberrations. |
. |
March 08 (confirmed)
|
|
Gunther
|
Fiber Optic Sensors |
|
Presentation
|
|
Shyam koundinya |
Interferometry
|
|
March 10 (confirmed)
|
|
Andrew Aditya
|
Adaptive Optics
|
|
Presentation
Report
|
1. Fast Light, Slow Light
2. Measuring Ultrashort Laser Pulses.
Just got a Lot Easier! OPN Vol 12, No 6, p.23 (2001)
3. Controlling the
speed of light
4. Image
Formation using Quantum-Entangled Photons
5. Quantum
Cryptography and Practical Applications
6. Nanophotonics:
Transmission_through_Subwavelength_Arrays_(Plasmons)
7. CARS
Microcopy
8. COLOR VISION Almost reason
enough for having Eyes (2001)
9. Atom LASER (2001)
10. Manipulating
the Near Field with Metamaterials (2004)
11. Fiber
Optical Parametric Amplifier and Oscillators (2004)
12. Refractive
Surgery
13. Optical frequency Metrology OPN,
Vol 11, No 10, p.17 (2001)
14. Using color to understand light
transmission
(solitons) OPNVol 11 No 8, p. 45 (2000)
15. The
Blue Sky Story
16. Toward very large-scale integrated
photonics
OPN Vol 11, No 11, p. 24 (2000)
On Fiber Optics
17. An
overview of Optical Communications
18. All-Optical
Label Swapping, for the future internet
19. Photonic
Crystal Fibers
20. Too
much Fiber?
21. Chromatic
Dispersion and Polarization-Mode Dispersion
22. High
Power Fiber_Lasers
23 Breath_Diagnostic_Using_Laser_Spectroscopy
24 Retinal
Imaging with Adaptive Optics
25 Additional
list of suggested topics (from the Scientific American magazine)
Topics in 2003
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
* Other References
1. Frank L. Pedroti,
Leno
S. Pedroti, Introduction to Optics, 2nd Ed. , Prentice Hall (1993).
2. R. Feynman, R.
Leighton,
M. Sands; “The Feynman Lectures On Physics”; Vol-I and II;
Addison-Wesley;
QC21.2.F49 1989.
________________________________________________________________________________________________