The New York Times
December 28, 2004 Tuesday
Late Edition - Final
SECTION: Section A; Column 1; Foreign Desk; THE FOOD CHAIN: Survival of the
Biggest; Pg. 1
LENGTH: 2873 words
HEADLINE: Supermarket Giants Crush Central American Farmers
BYLINE: By CELIA W. DUGGER
DATELINE: PALENCIA, Guatemala
BODY:
Mario Chinchilla, his face shaded by a battered straw hat, worriedly surveyed
his field of sickly tomatoes. His hands and jeans were caked with dirt, but no
amount of labor would ever turn his puny crop into the plump, unblemished
produce the country's main supermarket chain displays in its big stores.
For a time, the farmer's cooperative he heads managed to sell vegetables to
the chain, part owned by the giant Dutch multinational, Ahold, which counts Stop
&Shop among its assets. But the co-op's members lacked the expertise, as well as
the money to invest in the modern greenhouses, drip irrigation and pest control
that would have helped them meet supermarket specifications.
Squatting next to his field, Mr. Chinchilla's rugged face was a portrait of
defeat. ''They wanted consistent supply without ups and downs,'' he said,
scratching the soil with a stick. ''We didn't have the capacity to do it.''
Across Latin America, supermarket chains partly or wholly owned by global
corporate goliaths like Ahold, Wal-Mart and Carrefour have revolutionized food
distribution in the short span of a decade and have now begun to transform food
growing, too.
The megastores are popular with customers for their lower prices, choice and
convenience. But their sudden appearance has brought unanticipated and daunting
challenges to millions of struggling, small farmers.
The stark danger is that increasing numbers of them will go bust and join
streams of desperate migrants to America and the urban slums of their own
countries. Their declining fortunes, economists and agronomists fear, could
worsen inequality in a region where the gap between rich and poor already yawns
cavernously and the concentration of land in the hands of an elite has
historically fueled cycles of rebellion and violent repression.
''It's like being on a train with a glass on a table and it's about to fall
off and break,'' said Prof. Thomas Reardon, an agricultural economist at
Michigan State University. ''Everyone sees the glass on the table -- but do they
see it shaking? Do they see the edge? The edge is the structural changes in the
market.''
In the 1990's supermarkets went from controlling 10 to 20 percent of the
market in the region to dominating it, a transition that took 50 years in the
United States, according to researchers at Michigan State and the Latin American
Center for Rural Development in Santiago, Chile.
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico are furthest along. While
the changes have happened more slowly in poorer, more rural Central American
countries, they have begun to quicken here, too. In Guatemala, the number of
supermarkets has more than doubled in the past decade, as the share of food they
retail has reached 35 percent.
The hope that small farmers would benefit by banding together in
business-minded associations has not been borne out. Some like Aj Ticonel, in
the city of Chimaltenango, have succeeded. But the evidence suggests that the
failure of Mr. Chinchilla's co-op is the more common fate.
Its feeble attempts to sell to major supermarkets illustrate how the odds
are stacked against small farmers, as well as the uneven effects of
globalization itself. Many small farmers in the region are getting left behind,
while medium-sized and larger growers, with more money and marketing savvy, are
far more likely to benefit.
Most fruits and vegetables in the region are still sold in small shops and
open-air markets, but the value of supermarket purchases from farmers has soared
and now surpasses that of produce exports by two and half times, researchers
say.
The bottom line: supermarkets and their privately set standards already loom
larger for many farmers than the rules of the World Trade Organization.
Still, stiff competition from foreign growers is also quite real. To enter
the supermarkets of Guatemala's dominant supermarket chain, La Fragua -- part of
a holding company one-third owned by Ahold -- is to understand why Professor
Reardon likens them to a Trojan horse for foreign goods.
At La Fragua's immense distribution center in Guatemala City, trucks back
into loading docks, where electric forklifts unload apples from Washington
State, pineapples from Chile, potatoes from Idaho and avocados from Mexico.
The produce is trucked from here to the chain's supermarkets, which now span
the country. Scenes at a mall in Guatemala City anchored by Maxi Bodega, one of
the company's stores, suggest the evolving nature of grocery shopping for Latin
America's 512 million people.
On the ground floor was a sprawling, old-fashioned produce market. At the
entry, there was a shrine to its patron saint, the Virgin of Rosario, who had
plastic flowers sprinkled at her queenly feet.
The sound of women patting out tortillas and the sweet smells of ripe
tropical fruits drifted through the market as people stopped to squeeze the
avocados, sniff the pineapples and haggle for cheaper oranges.
To go upstairs was to leave Guatemala behind and enter a mall that could be
in Bangkok or New York, with its synthetic Christmas wreaths, cheap clothing
stores and oversized discount packages of napkins and symmetrical tomatoes in
plastic trays at the Maxi Bodega.
The Baldetti family exemplified the generational change unfolding here.
Delia Baldetti, an 81-year-old housewife, will only shop for produce amid
the heaps of tomatoes, chilies and papayas where she can bargain to her heart's
content. Her daughter Elsa, a 56-year-old painter, shops both here and at Maxi
Bodega, while Elsa's daughter, a 36-year-old business administrator, only has
time for the supermarket.
Elsa wistfully predicted that while the country's fragrant, raucous markets
will never disappear, they will diminish. ''We'll lose some of our identity,''
she said. ''We're copying the foreigners.''
Farmers who do not or cannot afford to change fast enough to meet the
standards set by supermarkets are threatened.
The tiny farming community of Lo de Silva clings to a steep, verdant
hillside. Slanting cornstalks look as if they would slide into the valley if
they were not rooted to the earth.
Some of the more than 300 farmers who originally belonged to Mr. Chinchilla
's co-op, the Association of Small Irrigation Users of Palencia -- known by its
Spanish acronym, Asumpal -- were from this village. Only eight remain. The only
product they still sell is salad tomatoes -- and they sell to middlemen, not
supermarkets.
Jose Luis Perez Escobar, 44, a member of the co-op, scratched out a living
for 20 years from his small field, perched in the clouds here.
But after his potato crop failed last year, he migrated to the United States
to save his land from foreclosure by the bank, leaving his wife, Maria Graciela
Lorenzana, and their five children behind. He now works the graveyard shift at a
golf course in Texas for $6 an hour so he can pay his debts.
He had dreamed his cooperative would help him escape poverty by selling
directly to the supermarkets. ''It would be magnificent,'' Mrs. Lorenzana
recalled of that more hopeful time. ''The small farmer would not need a
middleman. But he was never able to achieve it.''
A Transformation Begins
The transformation of Latin America's food retailing system began in the
1980's and accelerated in the 1990's as countries opened their economies, often
to satisfy conditions for loans from the International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank. As foreign investment flooded in, multinational retailers bought up
domestic chains or entered joint ventures with them.
Most concern about the perils of globalization for local farmers has focused
on unfair trade competition from heavily subsidized American and European
producers.
But increasingly, supermarkets also leave small farmers exposed as the
stores spread from big cities to small towns, from well-to-do enclaves to
working-class neighborhoods, from richer countries to poorer ones.
The chains now dominate sales of processed foods and their share of produce
sales is growing. In Guatemala, supermarkets still control only 10 to 15 percent
of fruit and vegetable sales. But in Argentina, their slice has grown to as much
as 30 percent, while in Brazil they control half the market, according to
Professor Reardon.
As the chains' market share expands, farmers who are shut out find
themselves forced to retreat to shrinking rural markets.
The changes would not be so troubling if the region's economies were growing
robustly and generating decent jobs for globalization's losers. After all,
supermarkets are providing consumers with cheaper, cleaner places to buy food,
economists say.
''It would be an appealing transformation of the sector if alternative jobs
could be made available,'' said Samuel Morley, an economist at the International
Food Policy Research Institute in Washington.
But economic growth has not kept pace with rising populations. The number of
people living below poverty lines in Latin America has risen from 200 million in
1990 to 224 million this year. More than 6 in 10 people living in rural areas
are still poor.
Given the difficulties small farmers face in doing business with
multinational corporations, traditional strategies, like providing peasants with
fertilizer and improved seeds, now seem quaint here.
Professor Reardon and Julio A. Berdegue, an agronomist who heads the Latin
American Center for Rural Development, are collaborating with supermarket
researchers across Asia and Africa, as well as Latin America, to document the
trends.
In addition, a team at Michigan State has financing from the United States
Agency for International Development to help small farmers in Central America,
India and Kenya sell to supermarkets. They and other development experts are
brainstorming about what to do.
Among the ideas: Regulations requiring that farmers be paid promptly.
Enforcement of laws meant to curtail monopolies and oligopolies, including
mergers of supermarket chains. Improved security and cleanliness at open-air
markets. Infusions of credit and technical expertise for co-ops.
But while such cooperatives are almost certainly necessary if small growers
are to amass the clout and scale to sell to multinational chains, they have been
a disappointment so far.
Even in economically vibrant Chile, which has invested $1.5 billion in
small-scale farming since 1990, a study of 750 farmer organizations found that 8
of 10 had failed or survived only with continuous infusions of government aid.
Mr. Berdegue, author of the Chile study, had sought to make the associations
work in the 1990's when he was a senior government official there. The pressure
from the I.M.F. and the World Bank to allow greater foreign investment was
intended to make Latin American economies more competitive.
''But the model did not have a social dimension at the real center,'' he
said. ''It was trickle-down economics.''
An Experiment Disappoints
Mr. Chinchilla, 46, drove his battered, 20-year-old pickup, laden with
crates of tomatoes, into his cooperative's spacious packing shed. The building
and the business are in decay.
The water had been cut off. Toilets no longer flushed. The roof was missing
over the bathroom, its floor covered with bird droppings. The live-in caretakers
who sort the co-op's tomatoes had only an open pail of rainwater to wash their
hands. They wore no gloves while handling the fruit.
Typically, each farmer is growing less than an acre of salad tomatoes in
rustic greenhouses that are fast deteriorating. Their production has plummeted
because of the blight that dries out the plants, which then yield very small
tomatoes.
''We haven't found a solution,'' Maria Antonietta Muralles, a co-op member,
said with a shrug. ''Maybe it's the water.''
Mr. Chinchilla treated his plants with pesticides to no effect. ''You can't
fight it with chemicals,'' he said. Maybe the soil itself is infected, they
speculated.
''Everything costs money,'' he explained -- money he does not have and
cannot afford to borrow at the going rate of 21 percent. ''When you don't have
access to credit, you can't expand,'' he said. ''We don't want anything given to
us, but we need a hand.''
As the farmers talked, two workers separated tomatoes by size, with the
shrunken ones far too numerous. But their co-op's hopes of selling to big
supermarket chains withered well before the plants. The co-op got started in the
late 1990's, with a small grant from the government to upgrade the packing shed.
An agronomist, Candelario Lopez, was given a two-year contract, also at
government expense, to advise them.
Over the next couple of years, Mr. Lopez helped the co-op get its foot in
the door with La Fragua and C.S.U., another major supermarket chain. The chains
have since united to become the Central American Retail Holding Company, with
332 stores and almost $2 billion in sales in 2003. It is one-third owned by
Ahold, which had more than $68 billion in sales last year.
But the co-op did not manage to supply the big chains for long. The farmers
themselves were uncomfortable with the rules of the supermarket game. They found
it difficult to wait weeks to get paid. They did not want to sell their
vegetables on the books and pay taxes that sharply cut profits. And some of what
they supplied was rejected as too bruised or too limp or too ripe.
The co-op's leaders said they quit selling to C.S.U. through its dedicated
wholesaler in 2000 after two container loads of vegetables got held up for days
at the Nicaraguan border, severely damaging the produce. ''We weren't prepared
to absorb that kind of loss,'' said Marco Tulio Alvizures, who then headed the
co-op.
Perhaps more fundamental, co-op members had trouble consistently delivering
the quantity and quality of produce the supermarkets demanded, a problem Mr.
Chinchilla readily acknowledged.
In the case of La Fragua, Mr. Alvizures contended that the chain never gave
the co-op a chance to sell the amount it was capable of. But Jorge Gonzalez, the
chain's manager for vegetables, said the small orders likely reflected La Fragua
's judgment, based on weekly evaluations, that the co-op was not up to the task.
The co-op was such a small supplier that Mr. Gonzalez could not recall all the
details of their dealings.
The corporate imperative is to reward suppliers who consistently provide
what the chain requires. If the vegetables do not arrive, shelves stand empty. '
'We punish farmers very hard if they don't deliver what we order,'' said
Bernardo Roehrs, a spokesman for the chain.
As the co-op members sought to navigate the difficult new world of
supermarkets, they lost the critical guidance of Mr. Lopez, the agronomist, when
his contract expired in 2001. He is now a salesman for a company that makes
high-tech greenhouses the co-op's farmers could never afford.
A Rare Success Story
Not too far from Palencia, in the city of Chimaltenango, is Aj Ticonel, an
association of small farmers that has thrived because it has something Mr.
Chinchilla's co-op lacked: a shrewd and enterprising businessman to run it.
But even for a savvy company like Aj Ticonel, success came not from
supplying choosy supermarket chains but rather from its ability to exploit a
global market.
Aj Ticonel sells three million pounds of mini-vegetables and snow peas for
export to the United States, but only 80,000 pounds to supermarkets. Alberto
Monterroso said he gave up on growing broccoli for La Fragua. He found the chain
bought inconsistent amounts. ''There are a lot of competitors here,'' he said, '
'a lot of small farmers trying to sell to them, so the prices are low.''
The company's success has been built instead on sales of pricey vegetables
for export. It now sells the same to La Fragua, and its membership has risen
from 40 families in 1999 to 2,000 today.
Its plant sparkles. Its 53 packers wear gloves, face masks and hairnets as
they sort slender French beans on stainless steel tables. Each box produce is
marked with a bar code traceable to the family that grew it.
Aj Ticonel sold $2.5 million worth of vegetables last year, but Mr.
Monterroso, a sociologist and deal maker with a passion for justice, paid
himself only $18,000. Most of the company's profits are plowed back into the
plant, marketing campaigns and agricultural education for the farmers.
''I want a different country for my sons,'' Mr. Monterroso said. ''I'm
trying to redistribute the wealth so people will live in harmony.''
One recent afternoon, a big Aj Ticonel truck took a meandering path into the
hilly countryside, stopping for peasants waiting roadside with crates of
vegetables to load.
Many of them grumbled that Aj Ticonel does not pay enough and rejects too
many of their vegetables, but most had been selling to the company for years.
The evidence of their profit could be seen in new roofs, freshly painted homes
and well-clothed children.
Still, Mr. Monterroso acknowledged how hard it will be to replicate Aj
Ticonel. Three times, the company loaned money to farmers to clone itself. Three
times the farmers went out of business.
For Latin America's millions of small farmers, he offered this sobering fact
of life: ''The client buys from us not because poor people produce it, but
because it's a good product.''
URL: http://www.nytimes.com
GRAPHIC: Photos: Maria Graciela Lorenzana's husband migrated to the United
States to try save his farm after his potato crop failed last year.
A vendor tends produce at Guatemala City's Central Market, top, as her baby
naps. Though some shoppers are loyal to the traditional ways, many are flocking
to megastores like Hiper Paiz Roosevelt, above, where produce is unblemished and
uniform in size. (Photographs by Janet Jarman for The New York Times)(pg.
A10)Map of Guatemala highlighting Palencia: An agricultural co-op in Palencia
has dwindled to 8 members from 300. (pg. A10)
LOAD-DATE: December 28, 2004