Linguistics 437/537 First Language Acquisition

Winter 2002

Professor: Lynn Santelmann, Ph.D.

239 East Hall

Phone: 725-4140E-mail: santelmannl@pdx.edu

Office hours: T: 2-3 PM, W: 4-5 PMor by appointment

Required Texts:

The Development of Language, 5th Edition, Jean Berko Gleason.Available at the PSU bookstore.

Packet of child language data to be obtained from Clean Copy.

Packet of selected readings from Clean Copy (also on reserve).

Course Objectives:


      • To acquire an appreciation for the amazing task that every child is able to accomplish in acquiring their first language.
      • To gain a detailed knowledge of child language development including the major milestones in the development of: speech perception, speech production, word learning, morphology, syntax, pragmatic and social language skills.
      • To learn some of the methods used in studying child language acquisition and to become acquainted with the types of results these methods have uncovered.
      • To explore basic child language data and conduct basic analyses of this data.
      • To become familiar with the major theories of language development and some of the major debates in field. 
Student Learning Objectives: At the end of First Language Acquisitions, students will be able to:
      • Describe of the basic "stages" of language development from infancy through the early school years.
      • Describe cross-linguistic and cross-cultural differences in language acquisition and attitudes toward language development.
      • Describe the characteristic features of children's language, explain and illustrate how these features develop over time, for the following areas of language: phonology (sound system), semantics (meaning), morphology (word building), syntax (sentence structure), pragmatics (conversations, register), sociolinguistics (social language, variation), narrative (story-telling), and literacy.
      • Apply knowledge of the features of child language to analyze children's language samples and to compare samples of language from children of different ages.
      • Understand and describe some of the basic methods in child language research.
      • Describe the underlying assumptions and aims of 3 current theories of child language acquisition.
      • Compare and contrast different theories of child language acquisition.
      • Evaluate the same set of child language acquisition data from several theoretical perspectives.
      • Develop skills for critical reading of some of the primary literature on language acquisition, including:
        • describing where articles fit in the general literature
        • summarizing major data for a paper
        • summarizing the major arguments of a paper 
        • evaluating the data and arguments presented

 
Course Requirements and Weighting
437
537
Online quizzes
20%
15%
Midterm exams (2 take home)
25%
20%
Aritcle critique and discussions
10%
15%
Participation in class exercises and discussions
10%
10%
Project/term paper
35%
40%
Quizzes: Quizzes will be conducted on-line using WebCT. These quizzes are intended to make sure that students know the basic vocabulary and definitions for each unit and can apply that knowledge to basic data sets. These will be open book.

Exams: Exams will be take home exams, and will involve both short answer questions and essay questions. The purpose of the take-home exams is to get you to synthesize your knowledge of child language acquisition, as covered in class and in your readings. Graduate students (537) may receive extra questions on the exams. Work on exams/quizzes must, of course, be entirely individual. If there is clear evidence that it is not, those involved will receive a zero for the exam.

Dealing with hardware/software failure for the on-line quizzes or assignments:

1. Plan ahead. Murphy's Law dictates that failures will happen when you can least afford it. So, give yourself time to try again if there is something wrong with the equipment. 

2. Contact me AS SOON AS the problem develops. If I know about it I can help you get around the problem. If it's a problem on my end, the sooner I know about it, the sooner I can get it fixed so you can continue. I will also know then that you have attempted the assignment. If I cannot fix the problem, I will reschedule.

Participation: One of the goals of this course is to gain skills in analyzing and evaluating child language data. To facilitate this, we will have 5 or 6 exercises looking at child language. Most of these will be examined in-class, but some may assigned as homework. In addition, we will discuss the research articles assigned in class. Regular attendance, preparation for class and full participation in these activities is necessary for you to acquire the skills that you need. 

Critique of supplemental articles: Students will need to critique one of the articles from the supplemental reading list on page .In the critique, you will summarize and critically examine (using knowledge gained in class) an article from the primary literature in this area. Guidelines are given a separate handout and examples for critiques will be discussed in class.

Students enrolled in 537 (grad students) will be responsible for leading discussion on the article in class. Thus, your critique will contain two parts: an oral discussion, followed by the written critique. This written critique can, and should, be informed by the discussion in class. The written critique will be due one week after the oral discussion in class. Students will mostly likely work in pairs for the oral presentation, depending on the number of students enrolled.

Students enrolled in 437 will be responsible for a written critique of one of the supplemental readings. The written critique will be due one week after the oral discussion in class.

Discussion of supplemental articles: All students are responsible for reading the supplemental articles and coming to class prepared. As part of this, you will be responsible for coming up with at least two (2) thought questions for each article, plus any content questions (i.e. things you did not understand.) Thought questions are questions designed to promote discussion and relate ideas to those we have been discussing in class. Details and examples will be given in class.

Project Term paper: The purpose of this paper is to have you collect child language data, analyze it and apply what you have learned in class to this data. The focus should be on researching one topic from class in depth and then applying concepts in class to your own data. The project consist of 4 parts. Only the final term paper will be graded.
 
 

1. Proposal - Due January 30 at the latest.

This is a short description of your project. This must be typed and include:

a.What specific issue you have chosen.
b.How the data is going to be obtained.
c. What age child or children you are going to observe and what arrangements you have made to conduct your observation(s).
d.What kind of data you are going to record while making your observations.
2. Progress Report - Due March 6 at the latest
This is a short update on your project. This must be typed and should include:
a.An annotated bibliography of the literature that you will be using. (This is a list of references, where with each reference, you give a paragraph summarizing the main points of the reference.)
b. A brief description of your observation experience.
c. Examples of the data you recorded and are analyzing for the term paper.
3. In-class summary/discussion (will count toward participation grade) – Due March 13
This is a 5-10 minute presentation for your classmates (to be done in small groups). You will need to make a handout for your classmates. This handout should include:
1.A brief background and discussion of topic. Include information as to basic development,why this topic is interesting to study.
2.A brief summary of the data that you analyzed. Include basic information on subjects and a summary of your results. Visual presentation of results, such as tables and/or charts are usually the most effective way of doing this.
3.A brief discussion of how your results relate to the larger field.
4.Questions or concerns you have for about project that you may like your colleagues to help you with.
 

4. Full Term Paper – Due Wednesday March 20 at 12:30 PM

See accompanying guidelines. Papers usually average 15-20 pages. Quantity is not as important as quality!
Grading Criteria:
Quizzes will be graded on a point scale. An A or A- will fall between 91-100% of the points, a B+, B, or B- will fall between 90-81% of the points, a C, C+, or C- will fall between 80% and 71%.
Exams will be graded on an A-F scale. "C" exams will contain accurate description of concepts and illustrations of relevant concepts, and describe how illustrations relate. "B" exams will also draw on information from more than one source and relate facts to larger acquisition issues or perspectives. "A" exams will also synthesize information andincludetheoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives. Exams that fail to meet the criteria of a C exam or that fail to answer all questions will receive a D or below.

Critiques: Will be graded on how well they meet the guidelines for critiques (given in separate handout). "C" critiques will contain an accurate summary of the facts presented in the article. "B" critiques will also relate the facts/arguments to a larger perspective. "A" critiques will also contain some critical assessment of the article or application of the arguments to other contexts. Oral critiques will be graded along similar lines.

Final Projects: Will be graded on how well they meet the guidelines for the paper (given in separate handout). A "C" project will contain background information, new data and will relate the data to the issue under discussion. A "B" project will contain more comprehensive background information, new data and will relate data to both issue under discussion and larger issues of child language. An "A" project will contain a review of the representative literature and place that literature in theoretical perspectives, new data, and will relate data to the issue under discussion, larger issues and theoretical or outside perspectives.

Grading Criteria for Exams and Papers
C Range
Accurately relate facts
Illustrate facts & explain them
B Range
Include more than 1 source of info
Relate facts to larger issues or problems 
A Range
Synthesize facts and information from several sources
Include theoretical, cross-linguistic or other perspectives
Withdrawing from ClassOctober 29, 1999 is the last day to withdraw without instructor approval.November 19, 1999 is the last day to withdraw with departmental approval (obtained via the instructor). If you attend class, even once, and stop coming to class without withdrawing, you will receive a grade of F.

 

Students with special needs: Please see me if you have a disability that may require some modification of the seating, testing or other class requirements so that appropriate arrangements may be made. Also, call Disabled Students Services at 725-4150 or TDD 725- 6504. I will work with you to arrange needed supports. 

Supplemental Readings. These will be in a course packet and on reserve at the library.

Supplement #1: Child-directed-speech

Lieven, Elena V.M.(1994). Crosslinguistic and cross-cultural aspects of language addressed to children.In Gallaway, C. & Richards, B.J. Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition. (pp. 56-73). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. P118.5 .I56 1994 

Supplement #2: Infant Speech Perception

Jusczyk, Peter (1997) The Discovery of Spoken Languagech. 4: How Speech Perception Develops during the First Year (pp. 73-110). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. BF720 .S67 J87 1997 

Supplement #3: Early Syntax and Morphology

Gleitman, Lila & Henry Gleitman (1992) "A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words, but That's the Problem: The Role of Syntax in Vocabulary Acquisition," in Barbara Lust, M. Suñer and J. Whitman (eds.) Syntactic Theory and First Language Acquisition. (pp. 291-300). HillsdaleNJLawrence Erlbaum. P118 .S937 1994 

Supplement #4: Pragmatic Development

Foster, Susan H. (1990). The communicative competence of young children. Longman: New York., pp. 111-129: Pragmatic Development in the Linguistic Stage. P118.4 .F6 1990 

Supplement #5: Narrative Development and Relationship to Literacy

Michaels, S. (1986). Narrative presentations: An oral preparation for literacy with first graders. In J. Cook-Gumperz (Ed.), The social construction of literacy (pp. 94-116). CambridgeEnglandCambridgeUniversity Press. P40 .S53 1986 

Supplement #6: Critical Period

Mayberry, Rachel (1994). The importance of childhood to language acquisition. In J. Goodman & H..Nusbaum. (eds). The Development of Speech Perception (pp. 57-90). CambridgeMA: MIT Press. P118 .D46 1994 

Recommended Supplemental Readings (These are on reserve only)

Adams, M.J. (1990). Beginning to read : thinking and learning about print. CambridgeMA: MIT Press. LB1050 .A258 1990 An review of the phonics vs. whole language debate and a good introduction to the various skills necessary for sucessful reading.

Clark, E.V. (1993) The lexicon in acquisition.Cambridge, EnglandCambridge University Press P118 .C548 1993An overview of her life's work on the acquisition of the lexicon. Covers early to late lexicon and discusses the acquisition of the lexicon in several language families in addition to English (Romance, Germanic and Hebrew, I believe.)

Dromi, E. (Ed.) (1983). Language and cognition : a developmental perspective. P118 .L2558 1993

Fletcher, P. & Garman M. (Eds.) (1986). Language acquisition : studies in first language development. New York:CambridgeU. Press. P118 .L254 1986 An older textbook that nonetheless has some good information on basic language development.Goes more in depth into some issues than our text does. Good reference for determining which primary sources to look for. 

Fletcher, P. & MacWhinney, B. (1995).The Handbook of child language.CambridgeMA: Blackwell. P118 .H347 1995 Good overview of many of the areas of child language acquisition. More theoretical and more detailed than textbook, so it makes a good complement to specific areas. A good first step for more information about any topic; especially good info on early lexical development.

Golinkoff, R. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Hollebrandse, G. (2000). Becoming a word learner: a debate on lexical acquisition.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development.P118 .B424 2000 A state of the art overview of the different theories oon early word learning.

Gombert, Jean Emile. (1992). Metalinguistic development.University of Chicago Press.P118.3 .G6 1992 Good overview of all of the aspects of metalinguistic development, from metaphonological to metapragamtic. Good resource if your project involves metalinguistic skills.

Harris, M.andHatano, G. (Eds.) (1999). Learning to read and write : a cross-linguistic perspective. CambridgeEnglandCambridgeUniversity Press. P118 .L3899 1999 A series of articles on learning to read in various languages and scripts.

MacWhinney, Brian (1995). The CHILDES project : tools for analyzing talk. HillsdaleNJ:Lawrence Erlbaum. LB1139 .L3 M24 1995 Handbook for CHILDES project; gives information on how to search and information on databases. Note: Database list not completely accurate; they've added databases since this was published. For the most up-to-date info see the website.

Menn, L. & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2000). Methods for Studying Language Production.MIT Press.P118 .B424 2000 A very nice summary of possible methods for collecting data, including background on methods, factors to take into consideration when designing and some examples. Includes both eliciting speech and collecting naturalistic data from a range of populations (child, adult L2, individuals with language disorders).

Ritchie, W. & Bhatia, T. (1999) Handbook of child language acquisition. San Diego: Academic Press P118 .H348 1999. Nice discussion of theories and some methods in child language acquisition.

Romaine, S. (1995).Bilingualism, 2nd Edition. Ch. 5: The Bilingual Child, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.P115 .R58 1995 Good overview of various ways of achieving childhoodbilingualism, plus an overview of some of the literature. 

Slobin, D. (1985). The Crosslinguistic study of language acquisition. Hillsdale, N.J. : L. Erlbaum Associates, c1985-1997 P118 .C69 1985, VOLUMES 1, 2, 3, 4 AND 5 Provides information on the acquisition of various languages, both Indo-European and non-Indo-European. Nice to compare acquisition of English with. Good resource if your project is on a language other than English.

Taylor, O. & Leonard, L. (Eds.) (1999). Language acquisition across North America : cross-cultural and cross-linguistic perspectives. San Diego: Singular Publishing.P118 .L2338 1999A textbook covering basic language introduction, but also covering African American English, Spanish and Inuktitut. 

Schedule and reading assignments (subject to change): 
Week 1 (1/7)
Introduction and overview
Child Directed Speech ("motherese")
Ch.1
Ch. 2 (pp. 51+), 
Supplement #1: Xcultural CDS
Week 2 (1/14)
Quiz #1 Online Jan 16 - 21 
Infant speech perception
(Sounds, words segmentation)
Theoretical approaches
Supplement #2: Infant speech perception
Ch. 7
Week 3 (1/21)
Preverbal communicative development
Phonological Development
Ch. 2 (pp. 40-50)
Ch. 3
Week 4 (1/28)
Exam 1 Given Out
Words and Semantic development
1/30 Hand in Prospectus
Ch. 4
Supplement #3: Early Grammar Comprehension
Ch. 5
Week 5 (2/4) 
Exam 1 Due 2/4
Grammar: Morphology and Syntax
Ch. 5
Ch. 6
Supplement #4: Pragmatic Development
Week 6 (2/11)
Quiz #2 Online Feb 13-18
Pragmatic and sociolinguistic skills
Ch. 6
Week 7 (2/18)
Bilingualism
Ch. 10
Week 8 (2/25)
Exam 2 Handed out
Metalinguistic Development
Language and literacy
Ch. 4 (pp. 143+)
Ch. 10
Supplement #5: Narrative Development & Literacy
Week 9 (3/4)
Exam 2 Due 3/4
Individual Differences, 
Atypical Development, Critical period 
Last Day to Hand in Progress Report on Projects 3/6
Ch. 8
Ch. 9
Week 10 (3/11)
Quiz #3 Online Mar 13-21
Catch-up
Developments in later childhood
Project Presentation and Discussion
Ch. 10
Final Projects will be due at in my box in 122 EH 12:30PM on Wednesday, March 20, 2002