Primers

that may be useful for amplifying arachnid mitochondrial genes

            This selection of arthropod mitochondrial primers includes the oligonucleotides targeting
            the protein-coding genes in Simon et al. (1994) Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 87(6):688-701.

                Nomenclature as the Simon et al. paper, with gene direction relative to Coding Sequence, CDS.
               Further details on the nomenclature of the arachnid genomes used here can be found below.

 

                 If you find this resource helpful, please cite:

              Masta, S.E., Longhorn, S.J., and McCall, A. D. 2008. Arachnid Primers.
              An Online Primer Resource for Arachnid Mitogenomics.

 

           Click on the genes below to jump to alignment files of sequence data from each of the
           completed (or near complete) chelicerate mitochondrial genomes we have evaluated.

These pages may take a few minutes to load, so please be patient!

          Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) 

          Cytochrome Oxidase II (COII)

          Adenosine Triphosphatase Synthase 8 (ATP8)

          Adenosine Triphosphatase Synthase 6 (ATP6)     (highly variable, and lacks conserved primer sites)

          Cytochrome Oxidase III (CO3)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 3 (ND3)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 5 (ND5)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 4 (ND4)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 4 L (ND4L)     (Under construction)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 6 (ND6)     (Under construction)

          Cytochrome b apoenzyme (cytb)

          Nicotinamide Dehydrogenase 1 (ND1)

          Large Subunit Ribosomal RNA (16S)

          Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA (12S)

Taxa with complete/partial mitochondrial genomes, including all arachnid orders, and several outgroups.
[Genera are listed alphabetically within arachnid orders].

Below: Chelicerata; Xiphosura

Limulus polyphemus. Chelicerata; Merostomata; Xiphosura; Limulidae
Whole. Source: Lavrov, Boore and Brown. 2000. MBE. (Accession. gi|15150764|ref|NC_003057.1|[15150764])

Below: Chelicerata; Arachnida [Listed as below ordinal level]

ORDER ACARI: (Mites and Ticks)

Amblyomma triguttatum. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Ixodidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Fukunaga. 2004. Unpublished. (Accession. gi|49619212|ref|NC_005963.1|[49619212])

Archegozetes longisetosus. Acari; Acariformes [Sarcoptiformes]; Oribatida; Desmonomata; Trhypochthonioidea; Trhypochthoniidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Private Collaboration.

Carios capensis. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Argasidae; Ornithodorinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Fukunaga. 2004. Unpublished. (Accession. gi|39653748|ref|NC_005291.1|[39653748])

Dinothrombium pandorae. Acari; Acariformes [Trombidiformes]; Anystina; Parasitengona; Trombidioidea; Trombidiidae

Haemaphysalis flava. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Ixodidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Shao et al. 2004. Insect. Mol. Biol. (Accession. gi|39653748|ref|NC_005291.1|[39653748])

Ixodes hexagonus. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Ixodidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Black and Roehrdanz 1998. MBE. (Accession. gi|5835680|ref|NC_002010.1|[5835680])
(Note: I. holocyclus released by Shao et al. 2004. IMB.(Accession. gi|39656300|ref|NC_005293.1|[39656300])
(Note: I. uriae released by Shao et al. 2005. MBE.(Accession. gi|50812145|ref|NC_006078.1|[50812145])
(Note: I. persulcatus released by Shao et al. 2005. MBE.(Accession. gi|25057186|ref|NC_004370.1|[25057186])

Labidostom[m]a sp. Acari; Acariformes [Trombidiformes]; Eupodina; Labidostommatoidea; Labidostommatidae

Leptotrombidium pallidum. Acari; Acariformes [Trombidiformes]; Anystina; Parasitengona; Trombiculoidea; Trombiculidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Shao et al. 2005. J. Mol. Biol. (Accession. gi|70724941|ref|NC_007177.1|[70724941])
(Note: L. deliense released by Mitani et al. 2005. Unpublished. (Accession. gi|81230429|ref|NC_007600.1|[81230429])
(Note: L. akamushi released by Mitani et al. 2005. Unpublished.(Accession. gi|81230443|ref|NC_007601.1|[81230443])

Ornithodoros moubata. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Argasidae; Ornithodorinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Shao et al. 2004. Insect. Mol. Biol. (Accession. gi|39653748|ref|NC_005291.1|[39653748])
(Note: O. porcinus released Mitani et al. 2004. Microb. Imm. (Accession. gi|45544564|ref|NC_005820.1|[45544564])

Platynothrus peltifer. Acari; Acariformes [Sarcoptiformes]; Oribatida; Desmonomata; Crotonioidea; Camisiidae

Rhipicephalus sanguinus. Acari; Parasitiformes; Ixodida; Ixodoidea; Argasidae; Ornithodorinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Black and Roehrdanz 1998. MBE (Accession. gi|5835694|ref|NC_002074.1|[5835694])

Varroa destructor. Acari; Parasitiformes; Mesostigmata; Dermanyssina; Dermanyssoidea; Varroidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Navajas et al.2004. MBE (Accession. gi|27311152|ref|NC_004454.1|[27311152])
(Note: Another genome released by Evans and Lopez 2002. Exp. Appl. Acarol. Accession. AY163547)

ORDER AMBLYPYGI: (Whip Spiders)

Phrynus sp. Amblypygi; Phrynidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in Review. (Accession NC_010775)

Phrynus sp.AH-2005. Amblypygi; Phrynidae
Genome: Partial. Source: Hassanin, Leger and Deutsch. 2005. MBE. (Accession. gi|62861425|gb|AY731172.1|[62861425])

ORDER ARANEAE: (Spiders)

Aphonopelma sp. (California) Araneae; Mygalomorphae; Theraphosidae; Theraphosinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in Review.

Argiope bruennchi. Araneae; Araneomorphae; Entelegynae; Orbicularia; Araneoidea; Araneidae
Genome: Partial. Source: Hassanin, Leger and Deutsch. 2005. MBE. (Accession. gi|62861418|gb|AY731171.1|[62861418])

Habronattus oregonensis. Araneae; Araneomorphae; Entelegynae; Dionycha; Salticidae; Salticoida; Pelleninae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta and Boore 2004. MBE (Accession. gi|49146937|ref|NC_005942.1|[49146937])

Haplopelma huwenum. Araneae; Mygalomorphae; Theraphosidae; Ornithoctoninae
Ornithoctonus huwena [Transfered to Haplopelma: V. Von Wirth & B. Striffler (2005) Arthropoda. Seite 2:2-27. Pdf ]
Genome: Whole. Source: Qiu et al.2005. JME (Accession. gi|49146440|ref|NC_005925.1|[49146440])

Heptathela hangzhouensis. Araneae; Mesothelae; Heptathelidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Qiu et al.2005. JME (Accession. gi|49147290|ref|NC_005924.1|[49147290])

Hypochilus thorelli. Araneae; Araneomorphae; Hypochilidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in Review.

ORDER OPILIONES: (Harvestmen)

Chileogovea oedipus. Opiliones; Cyphophthalmi; Temperophthalmi; Sironoidea; Pettalidae

Phalangium opilio. Opiliones; Palpatores; Phalangioidea; Phalangiidae; Phalangiinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in Preparation.

ORDER PALPIGRADI: (Micro-whip Scorpions)

Prokoenenia wheeleri. Palpigradi. Prokoeneniidae

ORDER PSEUDOSCORPIONES: (Pseudoscorpions)

Apochthonius sp. Pseudoscorpiones [ida]; Epiocheirata; Chthonioidea; Chthoniidae.

Pseudogarypus banksi. Pseudoscorpiones [ida]; Epiocheirata; Feaelloidea

ORDER RICINULEI: (Hooded Tickspiders)

Cryptocellus centralis. Ricinulei; Ricinoididae.

ORDER SCHIZOMIDA: (Schizomids)

Hubbardia sp.[Uropygi]; Schizomida

ORDER SCORPIONES: (Scorpions)

Buthus occitanus. Scorpiones; Buthida; Buthoidea; Buthidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in Review. (Accession NC_010765)

Centruroides limpidus. Scorpiones; Buthida; Buthoidea; Buthidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Davila et al. 2005. Gene (Accession. gi|62161041|ref|NC_006896.1|[62161041])

Euscorpius flavicaudis. Scorpiones; Iurida; Chactoidea; Euscorpiidae; Euscorpiinae
Genome: Partial. Source: Hassanin, Leger and Deutsch. 2005. MBE. (Accession. gi|62861446|gb|AY731175.1|[62861446])

Mesobuthus gibbosus. Scorpiones; Buthida; Buthoidea; Buthidae
Genome: Partial. Source: Gantenbein-Ritter et al. 2005. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (Accession. gi|81237616|ref|NC_006515.2|[81237616])

Uroctonus mordax. Scorpiones; Iurida; Chactoidea; Chactidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in review (Accession NC_ 010782)

ORDER SOLIFUGAE: (Sun-spiders)

Eremobates palpisetulosus. Solifugae; Eremobatidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. 2008. Gene. (Accession NC_010779)

ORDER THELYPHONIDA (UROPYGI): (Vinegaroons/Whip-Scorpions)

Mastigoproctus giganteus. Uropygi; Thelyphonida; Mastigoproctinae
Genome: Whole. Source: Masta et al. Manuscript in review.
Genome: Partial. Source: Hassanin, Leger and Deutsch. 2005. MBE. (Accession. gi|62861425|gb|AY731172.1|[62861425])

Typopeltis sp.Uropygi; Thelyphonida; Typopeltinae [Taxonomy as here]

OUTGROUPS.

Arthropoda: Myriapoda; Chilopoda (centipedes)

Lithobius forficatus. Myriapoda; Chilopoda; Pleurostigmophora; Lithobiomorpha; Lithobiidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Lavrov et al. 2000. PNAS. (Accession. gi|11863137|ref|NC_002629.1|[11863137])
(Note: Another genome released by Hwang et al. 2001. Nature. Accession. AJ270997)

Scutigera coleoptrata. Myriapoda; Chilopoda; Notostigmophora; Scutigeromorpha; Scutigeridae
Genome: Whole. Source: Negrisolo et al. 2004. MBE. (Accession. gi|47059779|ref|NC_005870.1|[47059779])

Arthropoda: Myriapoda; Diplopoda (millipedes)

Narceus annularus. Myriapoda; Diplopoda; Helminthomorpha; Spirobolidae
Genome: Whole. Source: Lavrov, Boore and Brown. 2002. MBE. (Accession. gi|18138544|ref|NC_003343.1|[18138544])

Thyropygus sp. DVL-2001. Myriapoda; Diplopoda; Helminthomorpha; Spirostreptida; Harpagophoridae
Genome: Whole. Source: Lavrov, Boore and Brown. 2002. MBE. (Accession. gi|18138530|ref|NC_003344.1|[18138530])

Arthropoda: Chelicerata?; Pycnogonida

Ammothea hilgendorfi. Chelicerata?; Pycnogonida; Ammotheidae; Ammothea

Colossendeis sp. Chelicerata?; Pycnogonida; Colossendeidae

Endeis spinosa. Chelicerata?; Pycnogonida; Endeidae
Genome: Partial. Source: Hassanin, Leger and Deutsch. 2005. MBE. (Accession. gi|62861432|gb|AY731173.1|[62861432])

Tanystylum orbiculare. Chelicerata?; Pycnogonida; Pantopoda; Tanystylidae